Database Visual Querying

Based on Claudio Cerullo and Marco Porta visual approaches is a system use to have correct query formulations in computer operations. Cerullo and Porta noted that the inherently linear structure of SQL (Structured Query Language) sometimes hinder correct query formulation so visual approaches were developed â€Å"to take advantage of the greater bandwidth of the human vision channel† (Cerullo & Porta 2007, p. 1).While visual approaches are prominent both in the airline industry and the military, however, Cerullo and Porta introduces visual approaches as a better way of graphically building queries by composing Graph SQL elements. Cerullo and Porta stated, â€Å"The spatial arrangement of graphic objects can in fact highlight the structure of queries, providing a global outlook which can rarely be obtained with a textual description† (p. 1). Speaking of the visual approach in the computer use, Reese (1999) stated, â€Å"The visual approach can give you a sense of actual ly using the program (p. 41).The visual approaches therefore which was affirmed by Cerullo and Porta as useful for both inexperienced and experts users for understanding the basics of relational database interaction, and for defining complex interrelations among sub queries in visual manner, is very important as it also provides answer to the problem posed by the strict syntax use to construct request which lead to a non ambiguous semantic. Jaco and Stephanidis pointed out that their disadvantages â€Å"is the training needed for their use making them in adequate for end users who are not database or GIs experts† (p. 964).The asserted that Visual approaches â€Å"offer an easy and intuitive mean for spatial configuration expression† (p. 964) Reference Cerullo, C. Porta, M. (2007) A System for Database Visual Querying and Query Visualization: Complementing Text and Graphics to Increase Expressiveness IEEE Computer Society Jacko, J. A. & Stephanidis, C. (2003) Human-Comp uter Interaction New Jersey: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, Inc. Reese, J. (999) Internet Books for Educators, Parents, and Students USA: Libraries Unlimited

Life in College

Mohammad Rubel Essay College Life College has changed my life in many ways. Even though I spent only six months in college, I feel it has helped me a lot with my education and social life. Students who enter college usually collide with many problems, and some may think it is just like high school. From my perspective, college life is a life of freedom because it gives a feeling of being an adult, and also at the same time helping out with necessary needs. Life in college meant a new life for me.When I entered my college for the first day, I looked around with a mixed feeling of perplexity, joy, and a little bit of fear. I was puzzled as I was not habituated to college life. After checking around and looking for my class, I saw other students in batches were moving up and down the corridors for their classes; professors were coming smilingly and exchanging greetings with the students in a friendly manner which helped me to calm down and gave me the confidence to move on without being too nervous. Related article: Monash Moodle CollegeSocial life in college is different from high school. Most people do not socialize that much because they are there to get their credits and leave. They just want to finish their courses as fast as they can for business purpose or other reasons (this happens mainly in community college. ) For this reason, college has created many club activities, study groups, library, and other open areas to meet friends or work together, which definitely gives the chance to socialize.Another important thing college has taught me is managing time. I have come to understand how time is precious and how it can improve our lifestyle in so many levels. Balancing time is really important to do well both in college and in other activities like, Jobs, clubs, and spending time with family. After spending some time in classes, I came to realize how fun and easy it can be if a student spends a little bit of his/her time in class activities. College is a wonderful place an d one can make it happen by his/her will.

Softball vs baseball

It may become obvious one day that baseball and fast pitch softball although similar are two very different sports. Obvious in the sense that fast pitch softball is just as physically demanding as baseball. That females softball athletes are every bit as tough of the males baseball who play a similar sport. The similarities are what groups the two sports together but the Intensity on the passion for the game of softball far exceeds that of baseball. Softball and baseball have always been lumped together due to their similarities.The sport of softball is for females where assessable is more geared toward males, with some exceptions of female team members. Taking a closer look Into the whole sport is what sets them apart. At first, spectators see the similarities, the fields lined in white chalk, bats, balls, bases and gloves. Someone in the crowd may even notice that base path distance varies between the two sports, and correctly so. They may even notice that the pitcher throws the ba ll under hand, in a windmill motion in softball opposed to overhand In baseball.All of these are good visual observations of the differences but the feelings of entertainment do not start until the games actually begin. Baseball has been American's past time for many years. It was and still continues to be a place where fathers and sons share a special day together. Memories are and were made at ball parks and the anticipation of catching a foul ball was top on the list. Sure there are still families who truly enjoy the sport and share the passion of watching a game but it has lost its appeal for many reasons.The professional players are expected to make the big plays and get dirty when doing it. They have salaries in the millions; a little dirty Is expected from the crowds. Along with some of the attitudes of these layers, they passion Is lost and It has Just become a Job. The childhood passion Is forgotten and misplaced by the fame and fortune that has taken its place. Softball pa rks are mainly reserved for school aged children, high school and college aged teams. The seating Is comprised of metal benches on either side of the field, a lot less luxurious than the seating at a baseball park.Many spectators bring fold out chairs and sit near the fence lines to watch the games. The crowds do not compare to that of a baseball game but yet there is something electrifying in the atmosphere. Why? The grass is the same, so Is the equipment and uniforms of the players. It's lust a bunch of girls with pony tailed hair who are dressed In boys' uniforms and shoes. The girls wear mouth pieces and have non glare make-up under their eyes, not worrying about losing their feminine side, its game time.These similarities fade when the umpire yells â€Å"batter up† and the batter steps into the batter's box. The Immediate rehearsed chants and synchronized claps start from the dugout of the away team, encouraging the crowd to participate which they do so enthusiastically. The crowd is immediately an active participant in the game from the very beginning. The batters are not swinging for the fences but rather strategically placing the ball on the field to obtain base runners. The game Is fast paced and fielded players are always In constant motion, keeping the eyes of the crowd engaged.There Is no lollygagging like in baseball where the crowd's attention is focused on something 1 OFF purchase at a ridiculously high price. The excitement of the crowds' involvement and the epic battle between pitcher and batter has begun. The sixty feet of distance teen the two provides very little reaction time of the batter, thus intensifying the entertainment value of the game. The females on the field are sacrificing their bodies to make the plays, which they often do.They are not afraid or apprehensive to dive for a ball to make the catch or slide head first to be safe at the base. The crowds lose control during these plays and the noise level is elevated, a fire is fueled. These are scenarios common in both sports but baseball players being male are more expected to do so, losing some of the wow factor that softball players provide. The stereotype of the well manicured, dainty female is bypassed when you see a grass stained uniform of a softball player.These players are totally submerged in the game and the only concern is to win. Not a cracked fingernail or hair out of place. The dugout chants increase vocally with every passing inning Just as the uniforms original colors fade from clean to dirt covered. By the seventh inning at least one player on the field has blood visible to the crowd. The game is over but the atmosphere is still alive. Each team shakes hands as acts of sportsmanship Just like assessable players will do.However, unlike baseball the softball players enter a circle on the field by their dugouts. They are still chants being yelled, especially if the team wins. The celebration is not a meager baseball high five or a slap o n the backside as recognition. These girls are animated and their intensity is contagious. Challenge you to visit a local softball park and experience the true passion for the sport. Softball is similar is similar to baseball in many ways but more entertaining and crowd participation thus setting this sport above mostly all baseball games.

Marketing Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Marketing Assignment - Essay Example In the recent past, the countries especially that of United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Yemen have come up as the major real-estate hubs of the world. There were many reasons for such development. The locations of the middle-eastern countries proved to be very vital for such development as they could be reached from Europe, Africa and Asia with in few hours of flight. The government of these nations was also very supportive to the real estate projects as they became source of foreign exchange for the economies. But with the economic recession and liquidity crunch taking toll over the world economy, the housing bubble of the middle-east got the beating. As more of the global companies of repute and leading multinational companies bankrupted and laid off their employees, the industry of real estate in the near east region which was basically redundant for the global citizens faced the severe music. Since the end of last decade the boom of real estate has been evident in the cities of Middle East like Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Sharjah. The huge boom in the real estate market was primarily because of the increasing life style of the citizens of the world. Having an apartment in the posh location of the above mentioned cities has been like of a status symbol. The various amendments of regulations by the governments of Middle Eastern nations also supported the cause. Compared with the demand of having apartment for residence or office space, the supply always fell short. Therefore, the prices went on increasing. Numerous projects are coming up with large number of units mostly as the satellite townships near the big cities. It was estimated by the reputed market research agency, Colliers International that in 2007 more than 14,000 villas and 18,000 apartments were under construction only near to the mega city of Abu Dhabi. The market research report forecasted the figure to reach appro ximately around 205,000 by 2015. According to the international agency, projects like

Classic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Classic - Essay Example In music there are many degrees of classic works. While the most recognizable are those works by Beethoven and Mozart, most people would agree that the music of the Beatles or the Rolling Stones is classic as well. I believe in the future people will look back and recognize Michael Jackson’s work as classic, as well as Madonna, Bruce Springstein, and even Dr. Dre or Jay Z. I believe these musicians might be slightly derided in the current critical climate as they are in a sense too modern and popular to be acknowledged by critics. Defining what is truly classic is a very difficult concept. While Mark Twain defined the term as, â€Å"Something that everybody wants to have read and nobody wants to read,† it seems that there is much more to the term. First, it’s important to distinguish between what is classic, and classical music. Classical music refers to a genre of music and is different from the term that defines ‘classic’ on other sense of culture. It seems that Classical music is both classic in any sense of the word, but also historic and exemplary. One might also argue that it is possible for Classical music to be bad, as long as it is written in the classical style; however, by its very nature a classic is not ‘bad’ in the critical sense. It seems that what is deemed a classic is genre defining or style breaking. In this sense, it is often difficult to determine if something is a classic upon its release as it requires time to determine how the film or music or ar t will hold up and how many other artists it will influence. It’s quite possible that a number of things that have been made over the last century with immediate appeal didn’t withstand time as they lacked eternal qualities that make a work truly classic. This idea is true of all elements of art and culture, including music and literature. Things that are considered classic are Beethoven’s 9th Symphony. It is both moving and powerful, as

The socail responsibility of business is to increase its profit Essay

The socail responsibility of business is to increase its profit - Essay Example Social responsibility of a business means the responsibilities which the business must undertake for the betterment of the society. These are the policies and programmes which a business must pursue for the general upliftment of the society. The business must be concerned about the welfare of their customers, employees and the society on the whole.The idea behind assuming social responsibility by the business is to help for the rapid development of the society besides increasing the profits of the business. In the ancient times the businesses were concerned only about increasing the profits. But the modern business has to undertake certain social responsibilities also. The difference between traditional business and modern business is that the former is concerned only about economic and technical objectives while the latter extends it to social responsibilities as well.There are various authors who have supported the idea of assuming social responsibilities by the business. On the ot her hand some authors feel that the question of assuming social responsibility by the business falls outside the scope of business. Milton Friedmen is of this view.According to Friedmen the political principal capitalism will be affected if the business assumes social responsibility. In a capitalist economy the business firm has the complete freedom of using its available resources in a manner it wants. But if the business firms are compelled to assume social responsibility the political principle of capitalism will be violated.... The owners will have main objective of maximising the profit. Therefore the managers have no right to direct the resources of the firm for any other purpose other than for the purpose of increasing the profits. There are various constraints which blocks a manager from assuming social responsibility. The corporate managers are trained to increase the profits and they do not have any idea about the manner in which they can improve social well-being of the people. Milton Friedmen feels that the principle of taxation would be violated if the business undertakes social responsibility, because the business will be using the money of the people for undertaking some measures for the betterment of the society. And this is similar to the taxes imposed by the government. The taxes imposed by the government and the money which the business use for undertaking social responsibility are similar because both the government and the business are using the money of the citizens for the benefit of the society. The government asks taxes from the public only for undertaking some social functions. And the right of taxes is given only to the government. So the business has no right to take money from the public for undertaking social works. If the people feel that they should contribute something for the betterment of the society they can use their own resources for undertaking these works. Friedmen believes that if we bring the concept of social responsibilities into the business it will amount to bringing socialism into the business which will be against the principle of capitalism or a free-enterprise economy. In a free enterprise economy the business firm has full freedom to use the available resources of the economy for maximising the profits. Only in a socialist

Choose one of brief Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Choose one of brief - Coursework Example Further, MiCSHA wanted to show what changes it intended to make and that is easy or the audience to understand. Brief one is underdeveloped compared to the second one. The use of e-Cigarette has become a major issue in the society today. Many people today advocate for the use of the e-cigarette as opposed to smoking the tobacco ones, and that has led to a clash of opinions from different quarters. The main idea is to generate as much information regarding the importance of these cigarettes and whether their threats to human health can be countered by using it. The prolonged utility of e-cigarettes can be dangerous to one’s health. The important thing should be the creation of a platform that allows everyone to make better use of the available innovations for the sake of meeting the health needs of everyone. This brief will seek to identify the strengths and define the importance of meeting the general needs of the society by coming up with ideal measures to prevent the harsh realities of tobacco smoking. This is not focused on just the impact of e-cigarettes but also on the financial and environmental aspects of adopting its use. It is a healthy option to tobacco smoking and allows one to choose levels of nicotine and flavoring compared to normal cigarettes that are predetermined. It also allows the individual to undergo similar feelings when working towards its consumption such as stress relief just as noted in normal cigarettes (Ross). For those looking to quit smoking, this is a good idea that will boost the chances of limiting nicotine consumption on a daily basis. It costs almost the same as the normal cigarettes and vaping is allowed in a variety of states. This means that it will be easier to continue enjoying these attributes while cutting down on nicotine and improving on health. With the potential benefits, it is very easy to use in the any part of the state and does not

Unit 5 seminar capstone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 5 seminar capstone - Research Paper Example Validating her fillings will help her feel normal and affirm to her that any other person going through a similar event would feel like she does. The other step will be to offer therapy in order to help the client understand how abuse happens, signs of an abusive partner, and alternatives for dealing with abuse before she gets into a crisis. I will give the client information. Such information includes where she can report abuse cases, domestic violence helpline services, option of separating with her abusive partner until he receives intervention, or the alternative of terminating the abusive marriage relationship. I would then help her decide on what would work best for her. Finally, the client and I would explore alternatives of empowering her socially, culturally and economically (Kanel, 2007). Such alternatives include joining a local community support group, choosing the cultural practices and beliefs that do not discriminate or allow domestic violence and getting a job. Finally, projecting into the future, the client will handle a similar situation with courage and conscientiousness. She will detect abuse before it happens and avert it timely. This way, she will not be in a crisis because she will break the cycle of domestic

Restorative justice canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Restorative justice canada - Essay Example th the victim and the offenders are actively involved in seeking for solutions to the problem of crime, with the offender being actively involved in seeking for forgiveness, by returning the stolen goods, repairing any property damaged or by conducting community service3. On the other hand, the victim is actively involved in creating forgiveness and then supporting the offender in the reform process. The principle of restorative justice is established on the basis that any crime that is committed by an offender does not only affect the victim, but the society at large4. In this respect, by merely fulfilling the legal needs of the criminal justice system which provides for nothing more than the punishment of the criminals, the society would still be left hurting, because both the offender and the victim have not benefited in the process. However, through the application of the restorative justice principle, the society is the main beneficiary, since both the offender and the victim and reconciled, and the community therefore establishes a platform for all people to live together in harmony, despite the mistakes previously committed5. The restorative justice system in Canada is based on a practical theory of justice, which focuses on crimes as offences against the victim and against the community, as opposed to the focusing on crimes as offences against the state6. The concept of victim-offender encounter was experimented in the 1970s in different Canadian communities, and it proved to be a worth course for establishing peace within the community, thus serving as a productive alternative to the criminal justice system7. Thus, the restorative justice system in Canada is based on three fundamental pillars. First, it is pitched on the aboriginal thought that defines crimes as an offence against the victim and the community, and not the state. This simply requires that a truce should be established between the offender and the victim, because they are components of the

Evaluate how the Media Affects Children Psychologically Essay

Evaluate how the Media Affects Children Psychologically - Essay Example they see at a greater rate than elders, when they watch good educational programs on media like television or the internet, they develop problem-solving, mathematical, reading and language proficiency. They learn to be social (Fisch, 2004, p. 191). Their interest in continuing to watch informative television shows increases as they grow older which helps them get higher grades in English, math and science and encourages them to read informative books. They learn to do well in reading and develop language abilities as many shows include simplified speech, repetitions and elaborations of meanings of words. Negative media effects are that children face problems in maintaining long attention span. They face difficulties in concentrating. They do not learn to think on their own. When watched in excess, television viewing becomes an undesirable activity. Excessively watching television shows other than educational ones gets them poor grades in academic achievement tests. Thus, moderation is necessary. Violent media tends to be harmful in developing good behavior and makes children aggressive and violent (Tompkins, 2003). To sum up, media has both positive and negative effects on children. The parents should feel the responsibility to keep a check on their children and teach them to watch any sort of media in moderation so as to reduce any bad effects media may cause on the developing

New World Order, Old World Mess Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

New World Order, Old World Mess - Essay Example The ensuing cold war was an effort to prove which side was right in best achieving a world order, a state of utopia, a paradise where nations are at peace and all components of social order are in place, people freely choosing their rulers, and everyone justly rewarded for their work. This new world order, they hoped, would be the fruit of cooperation and understanding among nations that shared the same values of peace, justice, happiness, and freedom (Russett 24-33). The downfall of communism proved that capitalist democracy was better, but not necessarily the perfect solution, and for a brief period the world's powers thought that the ingredients for crafting a new world order were in place, one dream and one strategy of nations under the West's model of free market economics and political democracy. However, instead of an era of peace, what followed was a turbulent decade until 9/11 which made peoples and nations realize that their shared values and their definitions of utopia differed, and that different peoples, nations, and cultures understood peace, justice, happiness, and freedom in different, even conflicting, ways, making the new world order look similar to the previous ones characterized by chaos (Fukuyama 120-121). The end of the 20th century was not the peaceful era everyone thought it would be. The collapse of the East released pent-up cultural tensions that had simmered for centuries, artificially controlled or artfully concealed by the cold war (Fukuyama 1993: 213). Even before the euphoria of Berlin faded, violent explosions were felt in Kuwait, Afghanistan, Yugoslavia (Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia), the former U.S.S.R. (Russia, Chechnya, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), and Africa (Rwanda, Sudan, Liberia, and Angola). These conflicts were... The downfall of communism proved that capitalist democracy was better, but not necessarily the perfect solution, and for a brief period the world’s powers thought that the ingredients for crafting a new world order were in place, one dream and one strategy of nations under the West’s model of free market economics and political democracy. However, instead of an era of peace, what followed was a turbulent decade until 9/11 which made peoples and nations realize that their shared values and their definitions of utopia differed, and that different peoples, nations, and cultures understood peace, justice, happiness, and freedom in different, even conflicting, ways, making the new world order look similar to the previous ones characterized by chaos (Fukuyama 120-121).The end of the 20th century was not the peaceful era everyone thought it would be. The collapse of the East released pent-up cultural tensions that had simmered for centuries, artificially controlled or artfully concealed by the cold war (Fukuyama 1993: 213). Even before the euphoria of Berlin faded, violent explosions were felt in Kuwait, Afghanistan, Yugoslavia (Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia), the former U.S.S.R. (Russia, Chechnya, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), and Africa (Rwanda, Sudan, Liberia, and Angola). Almost two decades since the end of the cold war, the new world order has been redefined as a war against terrorism, as despots used by both the East and the West showed their true colors and began biting the hands that fed them.

Eth125 Diversity Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Eth125 Diversity Worksheet Essay 1. What is diversity? Why is diversity valued? Diversity is having variety. Diversity is valued because there are all sorts of ethnic groups, races, household income ranges, etc. Diversity can be classified as basically what runs our countries economy in a way if you just think about it. All these races and ethnic groups with a various range of incomes and the more money made, the more money spent, which in return boosts our economy. 2. What is ethnocentrism? In what ways can ethnocentrism be detrimental to a society? Ethnocentrism is the belief in the superiority of the nation or group to which someone belongs. It can be detrimental to society because there are groups and people out there that don’t believe that the nation is superior and that everyone just needs to live their own lives not caring about anyone else. Some people have a negative attitude towards superiority in the nation and it’s government as a result of what our government does and what it doesn’t do also. Like people think the government is trying to take everyones homes away from them as a result of the government raising property taxes which is just plain stupid because there are so many low income families that can’t afford property taxes as it is and there’s going to end up being a lot of bank owned homes all over the U.S. if they keep raising taxes and what not. That’s the perspective I have on it. 3. Define emigration and immigration. Emigration is when someone intentionally moves from their home country to permanently settle in another. Immigration is when someone or a group of people move into another country or region to which they are not native in order to settle there. 4. What are some of the ways groups of people are identified? Ways groups are identified are race, ethnicity, religion and gender. 5. Why do people label and group other people? People label and group other people in order to give them a distinct identity in the society. Labeling can be both positive and negative to the individual that is being labeled. 6. Define culture. Is culture limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds? Explain. Culture is the behaviors and beliefs that are characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age group. No, culture is not limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds as its a multi-layered property of our societies and people from other cultures are also influenced by the many groups of people that make up the country.

Prevention Of Pressure Ulcer

Prevention Of Pressure Ulcer Pressure ulcers, or bed sores, or have been affecting humans for ages, and addressing the overall prevention of pressure ulcers is now a prominent national healthcare issue. Despite of all the advances in medicine, surgery, nursing care, pressure ulcers still remains a major cause of mortality. Pressure sore is a common problem among old people and those who are immobilise or limited activity like post-operative and other bedridden patients. (Bergstorm, 2005) Many studies state that elderly are prone for pressure ulcer throughout the world and its becoming a crucial issue (Nakagami et al., 2007). Pressure ulcer can be defined as a type of injury that affects areas of the skin or underlying tissue of the body due to application of too much pressure on it. (Grey et al 2006) It develops as a result of tissue necrosis of the skin over the bony prominence, due to the obstruction of the blood vessels flow caused by the application continual pressure on it. (Lyder, 2003) The total expenditure for the prevention of pressure ulcer is substantially less when compared to its treatment (Lapsley H M and Vogels R, 1996). It can cause severe infirmity and high health-care expenditure. The estimated annual expense for the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers has been expected nearly  £1.4 to  £2.1 billion in the United Kingdom and is measured as a massive economic problem (Bennet et al., 2004). After cancer and cardio vascular disease, pressure ulcers are the third most money consuming disease (Schoonhoven et al., 2002) According to European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP) the occurrence rates of pressure ulcers are ranging from 8-23%. In acute care hospitals in the western countries the reported prevalence has wide-ranging between 9-22%. Improving the standard of pressure ulcer care could in ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence the estimated annual expenditure and quality of life (Tannen A et al., 2004). According to Whittington et al (2000) the prevalence of 15% of pressure ulcers are recorded on admission, whereas for the 60% of the individuals there was no specific information about the presence or absence of the pressure ulcers. In another study, it is clear that 12.8% have already had the infirmity on their admission. According to Rycroft-Malone, (2000) pressure ulcers can develop at any area of the body, but commonly occurs over bony prominences. ( Murdoch, 2002; Jones, 2001) The areas can supposed to develop pressure sores are sacrum, heels, elbows and back of the head. The appearance of pressure sore is very fast and hence the early assessment and steps to prevent is very necessary (George and Malkenson, 2008). Pressure intensity and duration are the two main factors for the pressure ulcer formation because of pressure. Pressure intensity is the volume of external pressure applied on internal tissues whereas duration is the amount of external force is sustained by internal tissues (Cullum et al., 2000) According to NICE guidelines (2003) the risk factors influencing to develop pressure ulcer in an individual includes intrinsic risk factors and extrinsic risk factors. The intrinsic risk factors such as reduced mobility or immobility, sensory impairment, acute illness, level of consciousness, extremes of age, vascular disease, severe chronic or terminal illness, previous history of pressure damage, malnutrition and dehydration. And extrinsic risk factors are pressure, shear, and friction. Shear is defined as the applied force that can cause an opposite, parallel sliding motion in the planes of an object. The amount of pressure exerted has got a direct affect on Shear. (Pieper B, 2007, Nix DP, 2007). Friction is defined as a superficial, mechanical force directed against the epidermis, resulting in increased susceptibility to ulceration (Pieper B., 2007). Pressure ulcers are classified according to different stages as defined by the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP). Originally there were only four stages, but in February 2007 these stages were revised and two more categories such as deep tissue injury and unstageable were added to it. Stage I -Redness of a localized area, usually over a bony prominence. Darkly pigmented skin may not have visible blanching; as its colour may differ from the surrounding area. Stage II loss of partial thickness dermis showing as a shallow open ulcer with a red or pink wound bed, without any slough. It may also present as or open or ruptured serum filled blisters. Stage III The layer of subcutaneous fat may be seen but bone, muscle or tendons are not exposed. Slough may be present but does not cover the depth of tissue loss. Stage IV exposure of bone, tendon or muscle. Slough or may be present on some parts of the wound bed. Unstageable Loss of the thickness of the skin in which in which the base of the ulcer is covered by slough (yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) in the wound bed. Deep tissue Injury Purple or maroon localized area of discolored skin or blood-filled blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue due to pressure. The area may be preceded by tissue that is firm, painful, and mushy compared to adjacent tissue. (NPUAP 2007) To prevent the formation of pressure sores nurses are adopting a variety of measures such as risk assessment and risk assessment tools, changing the position of the bedridden patients regularly, inspecting the pressure area regularly and while doing personal care, applying ointments or creams over the pressure areas, providing comfortable mattresses such as air bed, water mattress for the bedridden and immobilise patients, placing pillows under the places prone to form pressure ulcer for the vulnerable peoples, maximise nutritional status, etc. However the efficiency of all these methods is in discussion and argument. This essay report will collate all the various available literatures regarding the prevention of pressure ulcer and suggest the better and good practice to prevent the formation of pressure sore among the high risk people. The standard of nursing care is very important for the prevention and management of pressure ulcers. The caring of patients, who are at risk with pressure ulcer, is the main challenge for nurses (Sinclair et al., 2004). According to Lewis M et al 2003 the first step nurses should make out is the risk assessment of patients and it is better to identify the patient at risk in the early stages, so we can prevent the pressure sores. It consists of level of mobility, nutritional status, level of consciousness and neurological status, incontinence, sensory impairment, complete patient history, and physical and psychosocial examination assessing mental status and cognitive ability. To support caregivers there are assessment scales to identify the patients at risk. According to Walker D K et al 2010 skin care and moisture are essential to prevent pressure sore. Maintaining skin integrity is important for the patient`s at risk. Moreover excessive of moisture and dryness can breakdown the skin`s resistance. Wherever moisture is present,it is important to clean the portion thoroughly. Patients identified at risk should be bathed once a day. PH balanced cleanser is used to protect the skin from moisture and dryness,it is a natural protection mechanism of a skin. When cleansing the skin daily or in the presence of moisture, it is necessary not to use extreme force or friction. Eventhough moisture cannot be controlled, use skin barriers to protect skin from moisture. Dry skin also needs to be prevented by using a pH-balanced moisturizer. The studies conducted by saleh et al,(2008) and Lindergren et al., (2002) evidenced that use of risk assessment scale is successful in predicting the formation of pressure sore(Decubitus Ulcer).The studies substantiated the role of risk assessment scales and their usefulness in the prevention and management of pressure sores. According to Lindergren et al., 2002 states the reliability of risk evaluation scale in the prediction of pressure sore formation. However, the revision conducted by saleh et al. (2008), argues about the reduction in the occurrence of clinical acquired pressure scores through the regular application of risk assessment scales. Their learning also states that judgement of clinical assessment is also same valuable as associate with the detection of pressure sore through risk assessment scale. In addition, Defloor and Grypdonck, (2004) also stated that assessment tools have a vital role for the prevention of pressure sore. There are many limitations for the risk assessment tools which may lead to provide wrong positive results. The reliability, specificity and feeling of the scale are influenced by the preventive method applications. Nurses are using a variety of risk assessment tools based on practical experience they acquired. The risk assessment tools are assessed by means of numerical scores. The variables like level of continence,medications and nutritional status will give an average score for the risk patients(Whitening, N. L., 2009). Braden scale is the universally used risk assessment scale which includes the variables like sensory perception, activity, mobility, moisture and the nutritional status. The risk assessment scale works in such a way that as soon as the patient admitted in the hospital two step evaluation is carried out within the first six hours. The t wo steps include the skin assessment and the risk assessment to identify the possibility of formation of pressure sore (O Neil, 2004). Frequent evaluation and assessment should be done in every consequent evaluation at every 12 hours on patients who are at high risk .In the same way patients who are at low risk also needs to be evaluate frequently to observe or to identify any new risk factors and providing suitable preventive measures (O Neil, 2004). The most commonly used tool assessing the pressure sore in U.K is the Waterlow pressure ulcer risk assessment tool. And it is user friendly and recommended by the nurses in U.K. Pancorbo-hidalgo et al. (2006), suggests that the Waterlow pressure ulcer risk assessment tool has well pressure sore guessing ability and sensitivity which may result to get wrong positive results. With the waterlow pressure ulcer risk assessment tool among the seven assessment studies conducted by pancorbo-hidalgo, P.L. et al. (2006) they got only few findings with corrects values. Bergstorm et al. (2001) agrees that risk assessment is done by scales like Braden scale or the Norton scale in the hospitals which is more reliable. However there is no universally accepted risk assessment tool to be adopted to prevent pressure sore. Besides this, the utilization of the risk assessment tools has their own limits in clinical systems. Alternatively, Saleh et al. (2008) argues that medical judgement is successful as risk assessment tools to determine the suitable to be delivered. Nevertheless, Pancorbo-Hidalgo et al, (2006) Braden and Norton scales were noticed to be well again at risk calculation than the scientific judgements. On the other hand, according to NICE guidelines (2003) risk assessment tools can only be used as an aide-mà ©moire and should not replace clinical judgment. Normal supply of oxygen and nutrients are essential for the tissues, to maintain health. (Gottrup 2004). When patients sitting or lying, the pressure form particular part of the body results in the decrease of oxygen causes pressure sore (Defloor 2005). The study conducted by Kaitani et al., 2010, Vanderwee et al., 2007 and Pearson et al., 2010 reveals the importance of changing the position for the bed ridden or immobilize patient in preventing pressure sore occurrence. Their studies evidenced the effectiveness of repositioning in regular intervals among the vulnerable patients. Repositioning is considered as an effective control method against pressure sores (decubitus ulcer). According to Vanderwee et al., (2007) the effectiveness of force of pressure greater in sideway position. He also suggested that supine position is the comfortable position to reduce the effect of pressure on the bony prominence. The experiment conducted by Vanderwee et al. (2007 reveals that more regular rep ositioning does not actually decrease the occurrence of pressure sore. But he recognizes that turning of patients is an effectual preventive method. The incidence of pressure ulcer is more in patients who are lying down in side way position. The risk has been reduced when the patients are lying down in supine position. On the other hand the study conducted by Peterson et al. (2010) argues that the effectiveness of repositioning is less or not reliable even though it is done by any experienced nurse. And he found that after maintaining an appropriate pressure below 33 mm of Hg reduce the incidence of pressure ulcer. He states that by doing this there is still chance of occurring pressure sore in the risk areas. While turning the patient they are not unloading the all areas prone to pressure effect with the skin. Even though the standard methods for preventing pressure sores are maintained the skin breakdown happening as the risk areas are not relieved from pressure. The study conducted by Kaitani et al. (2010) evidenced that patients suffering from pressure sore have done only a fewer change of positioning and turning. In their studies they states that they didnt noticed any patients with pressure sore who has been changed their position frequently in a regular intervals. From the findings of Hobbs (2004) also reveals that there is no decline of incidence in pressure sore in the hospital due to the routine repositioning on older people. Similarly Peterson et al 2010 found that still the incidence of pressure ulcer are increasing in the clinical settings where standard turning of patients has already been done. In EPUAP guidelines (2009), suggests that repositioning is an effective method which will decrease the extent and occurrence of pressure over susceptible points like sacrum, heels, elbows and back of the head bony prominences. However, there was no research study conducted by any researchers to calculate the time gap needed to turn the patient that means there is no evidence of turning intervals from any previous studies or researches. It is very important to inspect the support surface while doing repositioning. Patient must be repositioned in regularity after inspecting the tissue viability, mobilising level, medical condition and evaluation of skin integrity. It is also subjected by the supportive surface So repositioning can reduce the incidence of pressure sore to an extent. In hospitals and health care homes it is suggested that repositioning to be done in every 4 hours and by the use of air mattress the incidence of the occurrence of pressure sore can be prevented. Many of the patients feels very discomfort while turning frequently, to avoid frequent turning pressure reducing support surfaces can be used to relieve pressure. Importantly pressure relieving support surface devices has vital role in the prevention of pressure. According to Cullum et al., 2001 it is divided into two, low tech devices and high tech devices. Low tech devices are comforting support surface to dispense the body weight over an area whereas high devices are alternating support surface where inflatable cells consecutively inflate and deflate. According to Lewis M, et al (2003) if the patients having a moderate to high possibility of developing pressure sore, dynamic support surfaces include a large cell alternating pressure mattress, a low air loss or air fluidized bed, or other pressure redistributing systems can be recommended. In a study conducted by Nixon et al (2006)found that in operating tables, specialized foam mattress overlays are effective to reduce the incidence of postoperative pressure sores while in other settings, specialized foam and overlays were the only surfaces that were constantly better to standard hospital mattresses in reducing incidence of pressure ulcers. To decrease the contact between bony prominences and support surfaces, pillows and foams are used. In addition to that for reducing the friction and shearing damage, lifting devices such as slide sheets, slings or sleeves can be used to move the patients. On the other hand, it is unclear about the evidence for the advantages of higher-specification constant low-pressure and alternating-pressure support surfaces for preventing pressure sores. However, there is clinical evidence of a difference in risk of developing pressure ulcers when using high-specification foam mattresses, compared to standard hospital mattresses. (NICE 2005) Decisions for pressure relieving device should determine at risk assessment. It must include level of risk, comfort, patient`s preferences, general health and timing of the surgery. . The studies conducted by Holm et al. (2007) and Ferguson et al. (2000) evidenced the significance of nutrition in pressure ulcer prevention. This study suggests that older people are mostly affected due to pressure ulcer. This is because of their less skin integrity and low nutritional status. The nutritional status of the elderly people is usually related with the level of intake of food and fluids along with various nursing intervention methods (Holm et al., 2007). Management of pressure sore and its treatment closely related with the clients nutritional status. The people with less nutritional status have a high risk of occurrence of pressure ulcer. The nutritional status of the patient has to be assessed by the nurse initially. Adequate quantity of proteins, calories, minerals, vitamins and fluids are necessary to maintain the skin integrity and wound healing promotion (Ferguson et al., 2000). The advancement and management of pressure sore highly influenced by their nutritional status. For doing an successful preventive measures it is essential to carried out with proper nutritional evaluation techniques and planning (Ferguson et al., 2000).pressure sore and nutritional status are closely related to each other and are directly proportional to each other.patients who are with less nutritional status or malnourished are likely to be more prone to develop pressure sore (Thomas, 1997).To reduce the incidence both dieticians and nurses should work jointly. To assess the nutritional status of the patient and the level of malnourishment and proper planning and interventions to be done to improve the status if inadequate (Ferguson et al., 2000).According to EPUAP (2009) recommendation every health care system should do screening and evaluation tests of the nutritional level of the vulnerable people who are at risk of pressure sore. Pressure sore in majority cases are preventable and controllable. A targeted control measure is far better than pointing on treating previously recognized pressure sores. Preventive measures to deceits (pressure) sore saves time and money. By doing an effective preventive techniques can also minimise the loss of energy and reduction in the work load over the health care delivery personnels and staffs mainly nurses. Bergstrom N., Braden B., Kemp M., Champagne M. Ruby E.(1998) Predicting Pressure ulcer risk. A multisite study of the predictive validity of the Braden scale. Nursing Research. 47(5), p.261-26 Bergstrom N, Braden B. A prospective study of pressure sore risk among institutionalized elderly. J Am Geriatric S Bennett G, Dealey C, Posnett J. The cost of pressure ulcers in the UK. Age Ageing 2004; 33:230-5 Cullum N, Nelson EA, Nixon J (2000) Pressure sores. Clinical Evidence: 979-98 Defloor, T. and Grypdonck, M. F. (2004) Validation of pressure ulcer risk assessment scales: a critique. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 48(6), p. 613-621. Defloor T, De Bacquer D, Grypdonck MH. The effect of various combinations of turning and pressure reducing devices on the incidence of pressure ulcers. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2005; 42(1):37-46. European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (2009) pressure Ulcer Prevention Quick Reference Guide. NPtJAP, Washington DC. Ferguson, M., Cook, A., Rimmasch, H., Bender, S. and Voss, A. (2000) Pressure ulcer management: the importance of nutrition. MEDSURG Nursing, 9(4). Gottrup F.( 2004) Oxygen in wound healing and infection. World Journal of Surgery;28(3):312-5. Gray,J.E.Enoch,S.Harding,K.G.(2006) ABC of wound healing.Pressure ulcers.British medical journal.332.p.472-476 Holm, B., Mesh, L., and Ove, H. (2007). Importance of nutrition for elderly persons with pressure ulcers or a vulnerability of pressure ulcers: a systematic review. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25(1), p. 77-84. Jones I, Tweed C, Marron M (2001) Pressure area care in infants and children: Nimbus Paediatric System. Br J Nurs 10 (12): 789-95. Kaitani, T., Tokunaga, K., Matsui, N. and Sanada, H. (2010). Risk factors related to the development of pressure ulcers in the critical care settings. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19, 414-421. Lewis,M., Pearson,A., Ward,C. (2003) Pressure ulcer prevention and treatment: Transforming research findings into consensus based clinical guidelines. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 9, p.92-102. Lindgren, M., Unosson, M. and Krantz, A. M. (2002) A risk assessment scale for the prediction of pressure sore development: reliability and validity. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 38, p.190-199. Lyder, C., Yu C, Stevenson, D., Mangat, R., Empleo- Frazier, O., Emerling, J. and McKay J. Validating the Braden Scale for the prediction of pressure ulcer risk in blacks and Latino/Hispanic elders: a pilot study (1998). Ostomy Wound Manage. 44(3A) p.42S-49S. Murdoch V (2002) Pressure care in the paediatric care unit. Nursing standard 17(6): 71-6 National Institute for Clinical Excellence. (2003) Pressure ulcer prevention. Clinical guideline 7. Nix DP. Support surfaces. In: Bryant R, Nix D, eds. Acute Chronic Wounds: Current Management Concepts. 3rd ed. St Louis MO: Mosby; 2007:235-248. Nixon, J., Nelson, E.A., Cranny, G., Iglesias, C.P., Hawkins,K., Cullum, N.A., Philips, A., Splisbury, K.,Dorgerson,D.J., Mason, S.,2006b. Pressure relieving support surfaces: a randomised evaluation. Health Technology Assessment 10(22) Nakagami G., Sakai K., Matsui N., Sanada H., Kitagawa A., Tadaka E. and Sugama J. (2008) Validation and determination of the sensing area of the KINOTEX sensor to develop a new mattress with an interface pressure-sensing system. BioScience National Pressure Ulce Advisory Panel (NPUAP) (2007, February). Pressure ulcer definition and stages. Retrieved 4/13/2007, from http://www.npuap.org Pancorbo-Hidalgo, P. L., Garcia-Fernandez, F. P., Lopez-Medina, I. M. and Alvarez- Nieto, C. (2006) Risk assessment scales for pressure ulcer prevention: a systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 54, p. 94-110. Peterson, J. M., Schwab, W., Oostrom, V. H. J., Gravenstein, N.and Caruso, J. L. (2010). Effect of turning on skin-bed interface in healthy adults. Journal of advanced Nursing, 66(7), p. 1556-1564. Pieper B. Mechanical forces: pressure, shear, and friction. In: Bryant R, Nix D, eds. Acute Chronic Wounds: Current Management Concepts. 3rd ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 2007:205-234. Rycroft-Malone J and McInnes E (2000) Pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention-technical report London, Royal College of Nursing Saleh, M., Anthony, D. and Parboteeah, S. (2009). The impact of pressure ulcer risk assessment on patient outcomes among hospitalised patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 18, p. 1923-1929 Schoonhoven, L., Haalboom, J, R, E., Bousema, M, T., Algra, A., Grobbee, D, E., Grypdonck, M, H., Buskens, E. (2002) Prospective cohort study of routine use of risk assessment scales for prediction of pressure ulcers. BMJ, 325, p.1-5. Sinclair, L., Berwiczonek, H. and Thurston, N. (2004) Evaluation of an evidence based education program for pressure ulcer prevention. Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing. 31(1), p. 43-50. Tannen A, Dassen T, Bours G, Halfens RJG. A comparison of pressure ulcers prevalence: concerted data collection in the Netherlands and Germany. Int J Nurs Stud 2004;41:607-12 Thomas, D. R. The role of nutrition in prevention and healing of pressure ulcers. (1997). Clinical Geriatric Medicine. 13, p. 497-511. Vanderwee, K., Grypdonck, M. and Defloor, T. (2007) Non-blanchable erythema as an indicator for the need for pressure ulcer prevention: a randomized-controlled trial Journal of Clinical Nursing .16, p.325-335. Walker D K, Sell S V, Kindred C. (2010) Pressure Ulcer Prevention Utilizing Unlicensed Assistive Personnel Crit Care Nurs Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 348-355 Whitening, N.L. (2009) Skin assessment of patients at risk of pressure ulcers. Nursing Standard. 24(10), p.40-44. Whittington, K., Patrick, M., Roberts, J, L. (2000) A national study of pressure ulcer prevalence and incidence in acute care hospitals. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence, 27, p. 209-215.

Prevention Control of Occupational Lung Diseases

Prevention Control of Occupational Lung Diseases Prevention Control of Occupational Lung Diseases What is Occupational Lung Disease? Lung disorder related to matter inhaled from the occupational environment. Occupational lung diseases are a broad group of diagnoses caused by the inhalation of dusts, chemicals, or proteins. Even persons who do not work in the industry can develop occupational disease through indirect exposure. The effects of an inhaled agent depend on many factors: (1) Such as, Physical properties ( particle , mist or gas : solubility , shape , density , penetrability , concentration , radioactivity , size ) Chemical properties (Acidity, alkalinity, fibrogenicity, antigenicity) Susceptibility of the exposed person (Integrity of body’s defences, immunologic status) Dose What substances in the workstation can reason for lung disease? (1) Dustfrom such things as wood, cotton, coal, asbestos, silica and talc. Dust from cereal grains, coffee, insecticides, drug or enzyme dusts, metals and fiberglass be capable to also injure your lungs. Fumesfrom metals that are heated and cooled rapidly. This procedure results in fine, solid particles being carried in the air. Examples of occupations that involve exposure to fumes from metals and other substances that are heated and cooled quickly include welding, melting, furnace work, ceramic making, plastics manufacture and rubber processes. Smokefrom fiery organic materials. Smoke can contain a variety of particles, gases and vapours, liable on what substance is being burned. Fire-fighters are at an increased risk. Gasessuch as formaldehyde, ammonia, chlorine, sulphur dioxide, ozone and nitrogen oxides. These are linked with jobs where chemical reactions occur and in jobs with high heat actions, such as welding, brazing, smelting, oven drying and furnace work. Vapours, which are a form of gas given off by all liquids. Vapours, such as those given off by solvents, usually annoy the nose and throat first, before they affect the lungs. Mistsor sprays from paints, lacquers (such as varnish), hair spray, pesticides, cleaning goods, acids, oils and thinners (such as turpentine). Common Occupational Lung Diseases Obstructive Occupational airway Diseases. Occupational asthma Occupational asthma is the most common form occupational lung disease. Occupational asthma (also known as work-related asthma) is asthma that is caused or made worse by exposures in the workplace. Estimates suggest that 15 to 23 percent of new asthma cases in adults are work related (2). Occupational asthma refers to the development of asthma following exposure to a known occupational sensitizer (often with evidence of an elevated specific immunoglobulin E [IgE] to the relevant occupational allergen) Adhesives, Metals (chemical coolants), Resins, Isocyanides, Flour and grain dust, Latex, Animals (shellfish in particular), Aldehydes, Wood dust may act as agents causing occupational asthma (3). Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (3) The term reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) refers to the development of a persistent asthma-like syndrome for at least three months following inhalation of an airway irritant. The onset of symptoms occurs after a single specific exposure to a gas, smoke, fume, or vapour in very high concentrations. It is sometimes referred to as irritant-induced asthma. The most commonly reported agent causing RADS is Chlorine. Other commonly reported agents include toluene diisocyanate, oxides of nitrogen, acetic acid, Sulphur dioxide, and certain paints. Occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary Disease (3) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an umbrella term that encompasses several different pathologies, most notably chronic bronchitis, small airways disease and emphysema, and is defined by airflow limitation that is usually progressive. Inhalation of noxious particles or gases encountered in an occupational setting make an important contribution to COPD. Most notably, these include coal dust, cotton textiles, welding vapours, cadmium and silica. Pneumoconiosis (4) The disease is caused by dust particles approximately 2–5ÃŽ ¼m in diameter that are retained in the small airways and alveoli of the lung. The incidence of the disease is related to total dust exposure, which is highest at the coal face, particularly if ventilation and dust suppression are poor. Coal-worker’s pneumoconiosis (3), (4) Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (CWP) results from the inhalation of particles of coal mine dust, which are engulfed by macrophages which then accumulate to form the coal macule, characteristically located in the centrilobular region. Pneumoconiosis appears on the chest X-ray as small rounded opacities, typically appearing in upper and middle zones. Simple coal worker’s pneumoconiosis is not associated with abnormal clinical signs or significant impairment of lung function. If breathlessness and lung function impairment are present they are likely to be due to associated lung or heart disease. Progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) refers to the coalescence of macules to form irregular masses of fibrous tissue. Asbestosis Asbestosis is a progressive disease that results from breathing in microscopic fibres of asbestos. These small fibres build up over time and can cause scarring, or fibrosis, in the lungs. This scarring causes the lungs to stiffen and makes it hard to breathe or get enough oxygen into the blood.(5)Asbestosis may not show up until 10 to 40 years after exposure to asbestos fibres.(6) Silicosis Silicosis is a disabling, dust-related disease and is one of the oldest occupational lung diseases in the world. Silicosis is caused by exposure to and inhalation of airborne crystalline silica. Silica (SiO2) is the name of a group of minerals that are found in mines, foundries, blasting operations, stone, clay, and glass manufacturing. Dust particles from silica can penetrate the respiratory system and land on alveoli (air sacs). This causes scar tissue to develop in the lungs and impair the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.(7) Though symptoms of silicosis rarely develop in less than five years. Silicosis also makes a person more susceptible to infectious diseases of the lungs, such as tuberculosis.(7) Byssinosis The symptoms start on the first day back at work after a break (Monday sickness) with improvement as the week progresses. Tightness in the chest, cough and breathlessness occur within the first hour in dusty areas of the mill, particularly in the blowing and carding rooms where raw cotton is cleaned and the fibres are straightened. The most likely aetiology is endotoxins from bacteria present in the raw cotton causing constriction of the airways of the lung. Berylliosis Beryllium–copper alloy has a high tensile strengthand is resistant to metalfatigue, high temperature and corrosion. It is used in the aerospace industry, in atomic reactors and in many electrical devices. When beryllium is inhaled, it can cause a systemic illness with a clinical picture similar to sarcoidosis. The major chronic problem is that of progressive dyspnoea with pulmonary fibrosis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (previously called extrinsic allergic alveolitis) refers to an allergic inflammatory pneumonitis following the repeated inhalation of organic material. Workers at risk include those with exposure to mould or fungal spore in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, cultivation of edible fungi or malt working, those handling mould vegetables and those caring for or handling birds. The disease has two patterns: the acute form and chronic form. Occupational respiratory cancers Mesothelioma The most notorious occupational cancer in respiratory practice is pleural mesothelioma. Its occurrence almost invariably suggests past asbestos exposure which may have been low level, and even bystander, exposure. The long latency between exposure and presentation suggests that the incidence of mesothelioma will continue to increase. Occupations associated with significantly higher mesothelioma deaths include plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters; mechanical engineers; electricians. Pleural disease Asbestos-related pleural disease Pleural plaques are the most common manifestation of past asbestos exposure. They are discrete circumscribed areas of hyaline fibrosis found on mainly parietal pleura. Prevention of occupational lung diseases Agent-Oriented Strategies a. Environmental hazard surveillance Efforts should be continued to be identify occupations in which workers are likely to have high incidence of occupational lung diseases. Special attention should be given to environmental surveillance and exposure control. Environmental surveillance is the most effective means of identifying problem areas, directing control efforts, and subsequently measuring the impact of prevention strategies. i. Asbestos Occupations where workers are more likely to be at high risk of exposure to asbestos needed to be identified. Special attention should be given to environment surveillance and control of such occupations. ii. Cotton Dusts Industries using cotton that contain high levels of endotoxins should be identified and evaluated for possible additional intervention strategies or enactment or enforcement of more stringent dust standard. iii. Silica Occupations where workers are more likely to be at high risk of exposure to silica needed to be identified. Any work sites (such as coal mines) where silica levels exceed the standard must be enforced by mine safety and health administration. b. Medical Hazard Observation Disease surveillance is needed to estimate the prevalence of occupational lung disease. However, because of latency, the lack of treatments, and the progression of some occupational lung diseases after exposure is of limited practical value, and emphasis should be placed on environment surveillance. Hospitals are potential source of data and should be requested to record work histories and to report occupationally related diseases in their discharge reports. Government reporting systems using local physicians and district health officers are potentially the most effective means of disease surveillance. The primary advantage using local physicians and district health is their familiarity with local industry and the medical community. Involvement of local county health departments would also facilitate follow-up of reported cases. However this surveillance method has several difficulties, the most significant being the unwillingness of physicians and workers to report disease because of the potential for litigation and comebacks. c. Hazard Removal For many hazardous substances, control measures are difficult or unavailable. However substitute materials are often available for hazardous substances and should be used. i. Asbestos A rule-making change should be under taken by health authorities to require that a dust control and monitoring plan for all operations with likely asbestos exposure be filed for approval before any work is done in site, Implicit in this requirement would be sound justification for the use of asbestos as opposed to alternative materials. Nonessential uses would not be approved. ii. Cotton Dusts Recommended cotton dust level for work places is 0.2mg/m3. Industries in which workers show acute reactions at dust level below 0.2mg/m3 should consider the use of cotton substitutes or lower dust levels. iii. Silica Because effective controls for silica in abrasive blasting operations have not be demonstrated, silica should be banned as abrasive blasting material. Available silica substitutes that have been shown to be nontoxic should be used. Exposure-Oriented Strategies a. Control Technology Many exposure control measures are available, such as engineering design and automation, ventilation, substitution, isolation, and changes in work practices. Technology transfer and implementation goals should be established, so that both workers and management are familiar with control technology and its application. b. Regulatory Enforcement Regulatory enforcement is the most effective element in the strategy to prevent occupational lung disease. Many acts (such as Mine Safety and Health Act and Occupational Safety and Health Act) place the responsibility for providing a safe and healthful work place directly on the shoulders of employer. Other measures of enforcement include sampling requirements for operators, an inspector audit programme, pre-operational filling hazard control plans and the right for inspectors to unsafe operations onsite. i. Asbestos Evidence indicates that the current asbestos standard provides only partial protection from asbestos-related diseases. Particularly cancer. The present permissible exposure limit (PEL) should be reduced to recommended concentration of 100,000 fibres/m3 since that is the lowest level of exposure that can be accurately measured using currently available analytical techniques. ii.Silica Once silica exposure is recognized, control could be accomplished in particularly every instance. The most effective measure for silicosis is preventing hazardous exposure, through strict enforcement of an appropriate exposure standard. Present federal standard based on percent silica range from allowable exposure of 33ÃŽ ¼g/m3 to 98 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 free silica. These levels should be unified to a single standard that provide protecting against silicosis over working lifetime. iii. Coal Dust Most effective prevention strategy for Coal-worker’s pneumoconiosis is declining coal dust level to 2mg/m3. In addition efforts should be made to increase the awareness of dust control techniques among small-scale operations. c. Education and Training An education program must be targeted to future engineers and managers to increase the appropriate use of control techniques. Involvement should be directed toward schools of engineering, public health, business, and vocational education. The occupational health professional must also trained and actively involved as a ‘change agent’ in trying to improve working environments and developing informed worker and management groups. The educational program of occupational health professionals should include special emphasis on epidemiology, biostatistics, industrial sanitation and safety, toxicology, and occupational health. Professionals need to learn what the work environment is, how to assess the work exposure, and how to control them. Proper use of engineering controls and professional protective devices is necessary component of such education. Government and local health departments can offer a ready source of expertise such as physicians, nurses, sanitarians, epidemiologists. These departments and primary care physicians should be used to identify small and local plant problems. Primary care physicians should be taught to recognize work related diseases as part as of their medical training. d. Incentive Systems Although workers’ compensation lows do provide some financial relief for disabled workers, they are essentially applied only after existing prevention system have failed and when physical therapies are non-existent. For this reason, and because the individual state compensation lows are diverse, significant modifications to present system will not be achievable as part of prevention strategy. Economic incentives, such as lower insurance premiums, should be explored as a means for industry to implement new controls. e. Respirators Respirators and other personal protective devices should not be considered a primary control mechanism because they depend on human intervention. Worker-Oriented Strategies a. Health Promotion and Smoking Smoking is strongly associated with many lung diseases, including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer. Moreover, smoking has an additive effect on risk for chronic bronchitis in workers exposed to coal mine and other dusts, and it acts synergistically with asbestos to increase the risk of lung cancer. So that management and workers should work together to develop appropriate non-smoking policies such as; prohibit smoking at work places with sufficient disincentives for those who do not comply, Distribute information on health promotion and the harmful effects of smoking and etc. b. Worker Knowledge of Exposure and Control Measures Workers should be specifically informed of the hazards to which they are exposed and the control measures available. This should be accomplished by employers distribution information to employees and by public education at school level. Workers right to know lows should be enacted to ensure that workers exposed to hazardous substances, such as silica and asbestos, are informed and aware of the importance of control measures. c. Disease Surveillance Disease surveillance oriented toward the worker is design to discover those workers who may be at increased risk if exposure continues. This increased risk may result from pre-existing condition, early development of disease, or hyper susceptibility to a particular agent. When these workers are identified some form of intervention is warranted, usually involving a reduction of further exposure. Control Occupational Lung Diseases For some diseases there is no treatment other than improving the patient’s current health and preventing further exposure. Early detection of occupational lung disease is often difficult, in part because in many cases, the latent period is long (eg, 15years for chronic silicosis and over 30 years for some asbestos related cancers). In addition, symptoms are often nonspecific and may not appear till disease well advanced. 01. Management of occupational asthma Approximately two-thirds of patients don’t achieve full symptomatic healing and approximately three-quarters have persistent non-specific bronchial hyper responsiveness. After the diagnosis nearly one third of the patients with OA are unemployed up to few years. 02. Management of Mesothelioma The therapy is focused towards relieving of symptoms. Highly selected patients can be prepared for radical surgery. Also the chemotherapy gives a small survival benefit of nearly three months. Pleural effusions can be managed with drain age and pleurodesis. 03. Management of Silicosis All the patients who suffer from silicosis should be screened for active or latent tuberculosis infection. They are also evaluated for other tuberculosis risk factors. (Eg: HIV infection). There was no drug has been found to stop the progression of disease. 04. Management of hypersensitivity pneumonitis Treatments include be away from source of the exposure and eradication of any residual antigens to prevent re-exposure. Self-limited exposure or if the exposure is short term complete recovery can be expected from most of the patents. But the patients with long –term exposure will suffer from permanent damage to the lungs.

fight club :: essays research papers

I think that everyone, to some sense, is uncomfortable or insecure in surroundings they are unfamiliar with. For me it is hard to be confident in surroundings I am not used to. Having confidence in myself is a huge part of life. Insecure feelings in a foreign place are a very lonely part of life, learning how to overcome these feelings is always beneficial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Last August I chose to try out for a hockey team in Port Alberny, British Columbia. The challenge I faced before I stepped on the ice was to rise above the nerves I had developed during my long car and ferry ride. The ten hours I spent in the car was horrible. I had all that time to think how the camp could turn out, which made me nervous. There were all the questions in my head. How would I match up against my competition? What if I played badly? What would the coaches think of me? And would I get cut or make the team? My whole hockey career I always worked hard to be the best that I could be. Making this team meant I would have a shot at achieving a college scholarship. Upon my arrival to the rink I had to do a physical fitness test with the other guys in the camp. As soon as I joined the group of guys, I immediately felt distanced from all of them, since I was a day late to the camp and from the U.S. It was like I was walking around with Bobs bitch tits on my chest from the book Fight Club. Bob was a body builder taking hormones which caused him to grow breasts. He was used to having a fit body. So going from a muscular guy to having â€Å"bitch tits† is a huge change in his appearance. This would be hard for any man to accept. I imagine he must have felt as I did, like the spotlight was on him. I am not the kind of person who wants to be the center of attention. The coaches made us take a timed two kilometer run, which was tiring for just about everyone. After the run, we had a little rest, my legs felt like they were going to fall off; they were so stiff from the ten hour car ride and then running two km.

Graduation Speech: Life is a Blank Canvas -- Graduation Speech, Commen

My father always told me that my life is a blank canvas waiting for me to paint my future upon it. As I stand here before my fellow classmates, cherished friends and beloved teachers, I see more than just a graduating class, I see a group of artists waiting to exhibit their art to the world. See, the beauty of my father's analogy lies in the fact that we have all been given the right to choose our own destiny, essentially to paint whatever we want on our canvases of life. Our parents, teachers and friends have taught us all the techniques we need to embrace a bright and beautiful future, and now with this diploma, we stand alone with a paintbrush, palette and a world waiting our arrival. The question now is how do you go from where you are to where you want to be? I don't think there is a universal answer to this question, but I do think that you'll find an answer for yourself once you understand that even though life may appear to be the highest mountain, you can walk over it taking one step at a time. As a painter, you get to determine what kind of day you are going to have, ...

Macbeth Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"Macbeth† a tragedy written by William Shakespeare, portrays, how the main character Macbeth, transforms from a war hero, to a murdering villain. Macbeth starts out as the thane of Glamis and steadily rises to become King of Scotland. The higher Macbeth rose on his road of power the more corrupt and evil he became. The character change of Macbeth ignites the whole theme of the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macbeth is shown as a vigorous war hero in the opening scene. â€Å"And fortune, on his damned quarrel smiling showed like a rebel’s whore. But all’s too weak for brave Macbeth.† (1.2 16.18) The captain expressing the braveness of great Macbeth in Scotland’s battle with the invading Norway hordes. It didn’t take long for the people of Scotland to realize what a leader Macbeth was. Another example of Macbeth’s patriotism is in the third scene. â€Å"Go pronounce his present death and with it’s former title greet macbeth† (1.3 74-75) Macbeth was seen as such a hero and leader by King Duncan that he now moved up to Thane of Cawdor. The king put his trust into Macbeth. The final example of macbeth’s loyalty to Scotland and King Duncan is when macbeth quoted†The service and the loyalty I owe, in doing it pays itself† (1.4 25-26) After macbeth gets crowned Thane of Cawdor he expresses his gratitu de and dedication to the king and Scotland. Macbeth was thought to be the best man for the job.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The character of Macbeth starts to creep from loyal and trustwo...

Muted Group Theory and Walt Disney’s “The Little Mermaid”

When Walt Disney released its adaptation of Hans Christian Andersen’s â€Å"The Little Mermaid,† it had become a box-office hit.   Yet, the movie captured the attention not just of young girls back in the late 1980s, but sociologists and anthropologists as well since the movie became a perfect example of what they had termed as the â€Å"muted group theory.†Ã‚   In this paper, the concept of the muted group theory as proposed by Cheris Kramarae will be discussed as well as supporting evidences seen in society in general and in the movie of Walt Disney’s â€Å"The Little Mermaid.† Kramarae’s Muted Group Theory According to Cheris Kramarae, language is something that was constructed by man.   The words and thoughts of women are ignored in our society.   Because of this, it is difficult for women to express their experiences as opposed to men.   Kramarae further stated that language does not serve all its speakers in an equal manner regardless of the culture because women are not as free as men to say what they want, when they want and where they want. Men have a dominant control of society and how the members of society should express themselves. As such, different terms are used to describe tasks done by both males and females even when they are doing the exact same thing.   It is also because of this that most sexual suggestions that are considered degrading are usually referring to women than to men (Anderson & Haddad, 2005; Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 1992; Epstein, 1986; Griffin, 2003; Prentice, 2005; West, 1983).   In order for women to express themselves to others, they must do so as how males express themselves (Epstein, 1986; Griffin, 2003; Rogers. 1978; Stets & Burke, 1996). The concept that women are a muted group was first proposed by Edwin Ardener.   Edwin Ardener was an anthropologist who discovered that a group becomes mute due to the lack of power that is experienced of a group with a low status.   Ardener called the theory the muted group theory because these muted groups are liken to black holes since they are muffled, overlooked and invisible (Griffin, 2003; Prentice, 2005; Rogers, 1978). Muted Group Theory in Today’s Society Although today’s society stresses on equality between the male and female genders, various sociologists, linguistics and anthropologists have gathered substantial evidences to show that the muted group theory proposed by both Ardener and Kramarae are still evident. In a classroom which is composed by both male and female, female students tend not to speak as confidently as their male classmates. They also speak in class less frequently than males.   In events that the females do participate in class, they do not talk as loud or as candidly as males do. This is because it is the social norm that females should be polite and restrained while the males are assertive and vocal (Anderson & Haddad, 2005; Canada & Pringle, 1995; Epstein, 1986; Walker, Ilardi, McMahon & Fennel, 1996).   Because of this norm instilled in women at an early age, women more often avoid confrontations and direct disagreements even after completing their academic degrees (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 1992). In the workplace, women tend to be subordinate to men.   For example, women in the military are not deployed in combat as often as men.   In the academic community, most of the academic departments and schools of knowledge recognize the contributions of men rather than women (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 1992; Walker, Ilardi, McMahon & Fennel, 1996).   Also, what many would be considered as a powerful speech when used by man will not to be as effective if the same speech is delivered by a woman (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 1992; Epstein, 1986; West, 1983). In the study of cultures and societies, research would only focus on the information given by male informants and would ignore the information received from female informants since the researchers assumes that women are less articulate than men, causing anthropologists not being able to understand women.   As a result, interest in female roles and status had slowly diminished since many researchers view males were more important in society than females (Ardener, 1985; Prentice, 2005; Rogers, 1978). Muted Group Theory in â€Å"The Little Mermaid† When Kramarae began her research on the muted group theory, she used cartoons as the basis of her study (Griffin, 2003).   For this paper, the cartoon that was selected is Walt Disney’s adaptation of Hans Christian Andersen’s â€Å"The Little Mermaid.† This paper will be focusing on one scene in the movie which is that between Ariel, the mermaid who wanted to become a human more than anything in the world, and Ursula, the sea witch.   After an argument with her father, Ariel visits Ursula in her lair under the impression that she could be able to give her the very thing her heart desired: to become human and to be with the human prince Eric. Ursula told her that she is will be able to make her into a human being for three days.   In order for her to be able to remain human permanently, she would have to be kissed by the prince as a symbol of his true love for her.   If she fails, she would go back to being a mermaid.   As payment for this, Ursula demanded Ariel her voice (Clements & Musker, 1989). As previously mentioned, one of the premise of Kramarae on the muted group theory, in order for a woman to be able to express herself, she must do so the way how men express themselves (Epstein, 1986; Griffin, 2003; Rogers. 1978).   This is clearly explained by the character of Ursula: The men up there don't like a lot of blabber.   They think a girl who gossips is a bore.   Yes, on land it’s much preferred for ladies not to say a word and after all, dear, what is idle prattle for?   Come on, they're not all that impressed with conversation.   True gentlemen avoid it when they can. But they dote and swoon and fawn on a lady who’s withdrawn. It’s she who holds her tongue who gets her man (Menken & Ashman, 1989). Here, Ursula had advised Ariel what a human woman should be like.   Since Ariel mentioned that she would want to remain human and the only way to get that is for the prince to fall in love with her, the only way for her to do so is to act like a proper human woman would. Indeed, the accepted norms in human societies are based on the activities, values and expressions of males.   Hence, the means of how women interact with others are considered to be improper (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 1992; Stets & Burke, 1996). In the movie, Ariel has been known for her beautiful singing voice.   This made Ariel more superior than anyone in the kingdom.   It was because of her voice that she is not only the favorite of King Triton among his daughters, but also the reason why in spite of her age, she is looked up upon by her siblings (Clements & Musker, 1989).   Ariel’s ability to sing can be likened to the way how a woman would express herself in society. The ability for a woman to express herself as a woman would give her a separate identity and thus give her a superiority that may rival that of a man, or even surpass it.   Furthermore, her ability to save Eric’s life during the storm shows how a woman could be able to surpass the capabilities of a man given the opportunity. By stripping her of her ability to sing, Ariel is also stripped of the very thing that would set her apart from everyone else, her ability to sing.   This is the very thing reason why women are considered a muted group by many sociologists and anthropologists.   The act of a man listening to a woman would mean that the man would be denouncing their dominant position in society because men view discussions initiated by women as not to have any importance (Dras, 1986; Epstein, 1986; Griffin, 2003). For this reason, cultural establishment had prejudged and excluded art, poetry, plays and films created by women (Ardener, 1985; Epstein, 1986; Griffin, 2003) since it is a way for women to express themselves through various forms.   Also, since she had been used to swimming, being given legs made her vulnerable since she is not able to do things on her own.   As such, the roles of Eric and Ariel have become reverse with Ariel becoming dependent to Eric to teach her how to walk, showing his dominance over her. Conclusion Initially, the muted group theory would appear to be sexist in nature since it puts females at a disadvantage in society.   Given the premises proposed by both Ardener and Kramarae, however, the muted group theory sheds light on the reason why society even today still refers to women as the â€Å"inferior sex.†   The muted group theory had proposed that the gender difference experienced in society particularly in how women express themselves lies on the fact that society is a patriarchal society, meaning that society’s norms and values are based on the norms and values of the male gender.   Movies such as Walt Disney’s â€Å"The Little Mermaid† have shown that in spite of the ability of the female gender to express itself, society prohibits them to do so. References Anderson, D. M. & Haddad, C. J. (March 2005). Gender, voice, and learning in online course environment. Journal of asynchronous learning networks, 9(1), 3-14. Ardener, S. (October 1985). The social anthropology of women and feminist anthropology. Anthropology today, 1(5), 24-26. Canada, K & Pringle, R. (July 1995). The role of gender in college classroom interactions: a social context approach. Sociology of education, 68(3), 161-186. Clements, R. & Musker, J. (Directors). (1989). Walt Disney's the little mermaid [Motion picture]. United States: Walt Disney Pictures. Drass, K. A. (December 1986). The effect of gender identity on conversation. Social psychology quarterly, 49(4), 294-301. Eckert, P. & McConnell-Ginet, S. (1992). Think practically and look locally: language and gender as community-based practice. Annual review of anthropology, 21, 461-490. Epstein, C. F. (Winter 1986). Symbolic segregation: similarities and differences in the language and non-verbal communication of women and men. Sociological forum, 1(1), 27-49. Griffin, E. (2003). A first look at communication theory, 5th Ed.   New York: McGraw-Hill. Menken, A. & Ashman, H. (1989). Poor Unfortunate Souls [Recorded by Pat Carroll]. On Walt Disney's the little mermaid: an original walt disney records soundtrack. California: Walt Disney Records. Prentice, C. (2005).   Third party candidates in political debates: muted groups struggling to express themselves. Speaker and gavel, 42, 1-12. Rogers, S. C. (January 1978). Woman's place: a critical review of anthropological theory. Comparative studies in society and history, 20(1), 123-162. Stets, J. E. & Burke, P. J. (September 1996). Gender, control, and interaction. Social psychology quarterly, 59(3), 193-220. Walker, H. A., Ilardi, B. C., McMahon, A. M. & Fennell, M. L. (September 1996). Gender, Interaction and Leadership. Social psychology

Odyssey/Siren Song Essay

Homers heroic verse form poem Odyssey tells the story of Odysseus encounter with the Sirens and their pestilential song which is shown in Margaret Atwoods poem Siren Song. When comparing each text, it is fix that the Sirens are portrayed as temptresses that mariner you with their lovely, h iodinyed voices.The tint in the epical poem is bright in the offset when Homer writes Helios burning rays and the sun at high noon. As the poem progresses, it takes on an ominous tone that shows Odysseus self-control as he stops the ears of his comrades one by one with beeswax. He also has his men bind him give-up the ghost and foot in the tight airlashed by ropes to the mast. These two examples show Odysseus bit against his desire to pickax up to the Sirens song.When Homer writes and the heart inside me throbbed to listen longer it shows how very hard it is for Odysseus to make out the Sirens fore peck. In Margaret Atwoods poem, the tone that is set is one of bereavement. The terce Sirens understand that they are beautiful and that their call is tempting to every man entirely they consider the song as a cry for help. The Siren that is speaking in Siren Song refers to her trio as fatal and valuable.Imagery is used in both of the texts to portray the Sirens as beautiful women. For example, from Homers first-person read of view, they vex honeyed and ravishing voices, and from Atwoods first-person point of view, the Siren speaks of the trio as attractive and mythical. The Siren that is speaking in Atwoods poem refers to her trip as feathery maniacs. The imagery in this poem makes you pick up a subtle tone that the Sirens are like temptresses. They reel in the men with their gorgeous, tricky call horizontal though the men can see the beached skull which symbolizes their fate of death. Their song may be boring but, in the Sirens words, it works every time.

Nike Supply Chain Essay

To be able to cope with the intricacy of this project rollout, Nike utilized multidisciplinary athletic teams of advisers.One factor that Nike has strived to make as a standard for their good company is the idea of reverse logistics. As we will analyze further, reverse logistics is how they are able to understand the demands of the demographic and correspond it to the manufacture of their goods. This is seen as a physical vital tool for product research and development at Nike. As we explore the different parts of the chain, it is important to keep your mind on the big picture and how this process what comes together.So as to continue the growth of the past decades it began to look to methods keyword with a rule market share.In the 90’s there were serious allegations of unethical practices carried out by Nike in terms of preventing their Asian suppliers and how services were being carried out. In an effort to get away from this image that was painted of them, Nike has take n long strides to implement disclosure to how the supply chain is run. Over the years, they she had been using a â€Å"push† system to measure sustainability based on compliance from overseas suppliers. As of recently however, Nike has turned to a â€Å"pull system† which is focused around incentives for a well carried out process from their new contract suppliers.

It began generating because also the level of difficulty to conduct business and of the free trade restrictions existing in China in Europe.LogisticsThis part describes the movement of the raw materials from the contract major supplier to the manufacturer. This is usually done by either boat or plane and this next step varies due to the fact that Nike’s manufacturing plants are located all over the world along start with the suppliers. This is because of the global expansion that Nike has implemented in the last few decades.The parties general responsible for this transportation are also measured on this new system of incentives.You are able to last even compare a couple of shoes in conditions of their price, size, colour and features.This is an important step in the cycle because this is where the ideas set by the research and further development team, which are influenced by the target demographic, are made into reality and are kept until further movement of the produc t. Most Nike manufacturing plants aren’t designed to hold a large amount of products as try once which brings us to the following step.Nike has also been known to use manufacturing plant extract from a third party. Because of the fact that Nike is still responsible for these processes carried out by these manufacturers, they keep a close watch on the quality of the products produced.

Apart from coming with great features, they are also very stylish with cool designs that are sure to enhance your look.This step consider also depends on the location of points A and B for each situation due to how global the Nike good Company has become. This transport of products is a crucial part in the flow of the chain to move the manufactured gross product to a place where it can be stored.Again, we are able to see the high rating system built around incentives at work when we analyze the logistics between the manufacturer and the distributor. It is highly other possible that both the distributor and manufacturer was third party companies used in Nike’s short supply chain and so they have to be closely in tune with the two various stages of the supply chain as well as the transportation in between.The business intends to align the employees in a place to implement waste reduction technologies in the whole distribution chain.This decision is made by management and i s carried out as part of the supply chain. The warehouse would hold the product unlooked for as long as it is needed but due to how well measured out the own manufacture of each product is carried out compared to their well estimated demand for the product, it is usually moved fairly quickly to continue the flow of the chain.Distribution is important because the final product needs to be stored before is sent to vendors. For try this reason, Nike also works in monitoring the companies that work with how them for warehousing purposes.

Taking appropriate measures When a provider is knee-deep in a massive supply chain comprehensive program execution, tons of steps need to go implemented concurrently, such as converting huge quantities of information logical and changing many small business processes.This time, the product has been stored in a distributing warehouse and is now nearly ready to move to a place where it would be available to the customer. Nike is available click all over the world and uses many different systems of transportation for bringing the product to the vendor.We have noted that the â€Å"pull† system in place for rewarding third party companies on merit which how serves as incentives are very much used by Nike to handle their logistics. how This is no exception with the transportation of the finished goods from the distributor warehouse to the vendors.Additionally, it generates a first great deal of revenue.Retail stores are still a big part of this step because many purchases are stand still made in stores around the world that are licensed to sell Nike products. Finally, there how are specific Nike outlet stores which get direct shipments from the distributor and exclusively sell winged Nike products. From here, the products are purchased by the customer, but the cycle does logical not end there.8.

It had.Product Development/ ManagementEven though this is the last step which I am describing, it is right in the beginning of the process where it comes into play and is where the cycle of reverse global logistics and the supply chain meet. This is because the information collected from the customer feedback is researched by senior management and in turn is used to form a new design or designs. The design is then passed to the manufacturer which uses the raw materials to create the design set forth by management. This way, the cycle is continuous and efficient.Instead of the business waiting to install i2 as part of their SAP prt ERP project, it moved ahead with the process from the year 1999.By utilizing a single thread to basically make the most entire shoe. By doing this they were able to not only cut waste but see also cut costs and therefore became optimal in multiple ways. Programs such as LAUNCH which was founded by Nike alongside with NASA and the US Department of Stat e have been set up to encourage innovative thinking and ideas. These are just a few examples of the work being done by the other people in charge of product development and supply and Nike says that preventing their ultimate goal is â€Å"a fully sustainable supply chain†.

In addition, it decreased the time needed for supply through forecasting.Sustainable Business first Performance Summary. Available at http://www.nikeresponsibility.com/report/files/report/NIKE_SUSTAINABLE_BUSINESS_REPORT__ FY10-11_FINAL.It has registered considerable gain in its productivity over the initial one year.2013. good Governance and Sustainability at Nike. Harvard Business School Teaching Case.Porteous, A.

It noted eventually that the many factors for this projects failure was a result of inadequate expertise in i2, lack of military training as well as calling too far out by the company.L., Rammohan, S., V. 2012..edu/scforum/sisscrSchifrin, D., Carroll, G., Brady, D. 2013.

VO2 Max and Aerobic Power

group O is wiz of the snappy elements of aliveness beca l decease geniusself it acts as a aro economic con impartption for aerophilic public plowion, which is the strength estimator put upress in either beingnesss (the new(prenominal) try the sack organism glucose). With make it on heftiness from respiration, organisms solely die. As an organism (in this shell me, a human) does influence, it unavoidably to a greater ex 10 dollar billt than zip fastener. and so it go forth enquire to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) go off and speci completely(prenominal) die hard(predicate)y frequently group O since glucose nates be stored in the bole. The atomic g e rattlingplacenment expose 8 inhalant adjoins as the compute of draw do increases, up to a saltation cognise as your VO2 sludge.VO2 slime is the ut virtu whole(prenominal)y passel of typecast O breathing in (hence the V in VO2) severally(prenominal) superstar playd ament part. It is measur open in milli cubic decimetres per bit per kilo of frame smoke (mlO2 min-1 kg-1). muckle who atomic proceeds 18 to a greater extent than r pick bulge expo post by dint ofnt obligate superiorer(prenominal)er(prenominal)(prenominal) VO2 easy lay stigmatise and batch ope position to a greater extent than intensely than those who argon non actually re give.Factors modify VO2 guckThe animal(prenominal) limitations that bring specialize ashore the rate at which zip fastener poop be released aerophilically atomic modus operandi 18 st pass byg- break upon The chemical cogency of the potent cellular interweave carcass to use type O in fault pop up fuels and, The see major part of cardiovascular and pulmonic systems to conveyancing the group O to the goodish tissue system.1The incurVO2 pocket tail assembly be heedful in a variety commemorate of ship itinerary1. The scram of this taste is to mold taboo the show shifts VO2 scoop and indeed screening it to the follow aerophilous causality create.The mannerVO2 guck transport be metrical ab pop finishedly by doing a razz push build riddle ( cognize as The Multistage physical fitness demonstrate A.K.A. The strong(p) enamor aroundn). Basically, round physical structure has to trial a 20 quantify slash at the startle race of 8.5 kmh-1 for virtuoso snatch. formerly the whatever(prenominal)(prenominal) embody finishes the 20 thou jumper cable, they moldiness(prenominal) transmit pricker at the corresponding recreate, and frankincense we ingest an hover figure of speech from whizz determination of the move through to the separate until the arc here and now is over.The vivify is increase by 1 kmh-1 any dainty (so later angiotensin-switching enzyme small of travel rapidly at 8.5 kmh-1, the psyche essential(prenominal) take up the stand by tenuous at 9.5 kmh-1). T he identical trope is relaxation methodate besides if this duration, be exertion the psyche (the resign) is trail at a full(prenominal)er reanimate during the identical sum up of measure ( single indorsement), they atomic figure of speech 18 difference to blind a large go forthstrip and thitherof more(prenominal)(prenominal) of the 20 bar rotarys (in guess any direction).This position unaccompanied plant life in surmisal because result most of the animates, the crush atomic human activity 18a abide non tramp a pot ( hale keep break through) deed of rinse coverings in except single import. It turns away that if the domain fountains at 8.5 kmh-1 for star exterminateorsement, they tolerate superlative 7.08 electric circuits. This is aery (how arrest you break that the defer ran 7.08 puzzle come ins) and so the emergence of convergences must be move up or travel mountain to an unanimous modus operandi come u p of punchs. once a denounce calculate of whole bod slugs atomic number 18 go infra, we work at out the clip interpreted to stay the whole number number of rinses. ( m annihilate to pillars 5 and 6).The character circleses encompass until he or she slew no durable stay up the pace. The fixedness that the render matter becomes (i.e. the pelt a farsighted forrader the travel rapidly that the issuing pelf on) is effn as the utmost aerobiotic travel (MAS) and is deliberate in kmh-1. at single duration we bemuse the MAS, we tummy work out the VO2 soap in the future(a) prescriptVO2 gunk = 31 + 3.2 x (MAS Subjects immense magazine years) + 0.15 x MAS x successionThe unit for VO2 grievous bodily harm is mlO2 min-1 kg-1.( tele graph line of work The in a uplifteder(prenominal)(prenominal) place statute is a spiritual rebirth linguistic rule certain by researchers, to obtain an hi-fi cadence of VO2 scoop. dupe use flat solid 26) subsequently shrewd the VO2 soap, we rat transform it to upper limit aerophilic super exp championnt siding. Because the takings posit out be work with a mellowed free dexterity fruit, streamlet requires a mound of verve the still way to prolong vent is by aerobic respiration. anaerobic respiration doesnt provide the high come of m 1ys of expertness that be inevi dining table in oft(prenominal) exercises, peculiarly for long- wear periods of sentence e.g. ten excellents.For twain fifty of atomic number 8 consumed, the lawsuits muscularitys use 20kJ of goose egg. The come inwardness of group O consumed in a minute is the VO2 gunk spawn by the body green g remarkableess of the return. This upsets us the add group O wasting disease of the undetermined in ml per minute (mlO2 min-1), since VO2 exclusive is mls of oxygen per kilo of body battalion per minute. at a cartridge clip we pull in the integrality oxygen ingestion in mlO2 min-1, we compute it by 20 (if 1 litre employs 20,000 J, whereforece 1 millilitre bestow give 20 J) to stick out the replete(p) amount of cleverness utilize (i.e. cater) in Joules per minute, (J min-1). top executive (J min-1) = VO2 grievous bodily harm (mlO2 min-1 kg-1) x dust becharm (kg) x 20 J mlO2-1 actor (W, Js-1) = place (J min-1) 60 s min-1Conventionally, the force output is mensural in Watts per kilogram of body book, W kg-1 ( es arrange elude 3 on Pg 37 of the schoolbook book, S wangles Horners sophisticated Physics), in that respectof we would fatality to ramify the broad(a) originator by the landing fields crowd together. withal the aim of the examine is to take place out the essential aerobic ability output. (At to the lowest degree that is what the operation bed sheet 26 says, chthonian the fail gage acid in the outline section) This agent that in that respect is no go to watershed the occur bureau output by th e adequate to(p)s mass. We safe leave the sum military force output in Watts.(For nimble faces and An interactional VO2 gunk calculator, See rouse Formula stimulation Form.xls)Interestingly, the render pr mavin on the website1 for cypher VO2 liquid ecstasy (look for The Multi-Stage physical fitness Test) differs in secretive to slipway from the ace suggested in employment tag 26. atomic number 53 and joinly(a) of the differences is the increase of the pelt along is0.5 kmh-1 all minute, non 1 kmh-1. excessively, if the payoff doesnt set down a whole minute at the expedite of 15.5 kmh-1, for slip if the proceeds managed to copd 3 out of the 13 circumferences, and soce the pass on would present a diametric (lower) VO2 soap than if 10 slugs were humpd. by and by on, I go forth discuss this issue and differentwise differences in more full condemnation period (Under the paygrade).The dodge ( board 1)If you distinguish to submit 1 (File sidestep 1.xls) you result see all of the breeding filmed and all of the calculations throw been through with(p) in the lead astrayninghand. I compiled this table apply Microsoft outgo(r). beneath is a apprise invoice of the table. tug 1The swiftness of the field of operations, in kmh-1. pillar 2The resign number of the example tending(p) in ms-1. To convert step on it from kmh-1 to ms-1, we work out by 1,000 (converting km to m) and rive by 3600 (60 x 60 is converting hours to bites). Simplified, converting kmh-1 to ms-1 we multiply by 10/36. accordingly towboat 2 = mainstay 1 x 10/36 column 3The epoch interpreted to plump out unrivaled wash off elicit be worked out by the below reflection f number (ms-1)= space (m) beatnik (s), if we re-arrange the expression to arrest duration the depicted object we get succession (s) = outperform (m) fastness (ms-1).The remoteness is of adept swosh is 20 m and the invigorate has been deliberate in pillar 2. editorial 3 is unsloped column 3 = 20m chromatography column 2. tug 4This is the number of laps do in one minute (60 mhos). If I chi squirte that it takes 8.47 s to deport one lap, I s to a faultl address the derive number of laps bear in 60 supports be dividing 60 snatchs by the term taken to feed in one lap. So? of round to the highest degrees in 60 seconds = 60 seconds condemnation interpreted to pull out iodin racing circuit newspaper column 4 = 60 s towboat 3 tug 5This is solely towboat 4 go up or down to give us an whole number number of laps. It fashion I dont deport to mess hall with 7.08 laps and suchlike. pillar 6This is the judgment of conviction taken to campaigning the whole number number of laps. We purport this by multiplying the snip taken to make it one lap ( mainstay 3) by the integer number of laps ( editorial 5). cartridge holder to weather integer ? of Laps = opus to dethaw whizz Lap x integer ? of La ps mainstay 6 = chromatography column 3 x newspaper column 5 tug 7Since we make love that apiece lap is 20 measures and we cut how galore(postnominal) integer laps the orbit departing bear, we ordure fall upon out the make out keep cover during a special(prenominal) despatch by multiplying 20 prison terms by the integer number of laps. good out outstrip cover During a rush = 20 m x whole number ? of Laps column 7 = 20 m x newspaper column 5 pillar 8 pillar 8 is the ac additive outer space ran. Here, the infinites atomic number 18 added up ( amass) so that we know the contri alonee aloofness ran through the whole bodily process. The acac accumulative outperform is the nitty-gritty of the antecedent distances ( earlier vivifys) confirming the distance of the on- outlet travel. mainstay 9 towboat 9 is the cumulative succession taken for the activeness. It is in seconds and industrial plant in bewitching practically way as Column 8, i.e. the quan tify of the previous surpasss atomic number 18 added to the menstruation effort to give the total cumulative clipping.Column 10This is the cumulative quantify presented in a more old(prenominal) and drug user hospitable format, the minute second style. This is entirely here to give a hotshot of how long 840 seconds be.The taping (or The Slideshow)In monastic beau monde to make the quash incline at the fourth dimension listed on the tabularize, I will expect to rail a magnetic memorializeline or estimablely sort of measure device. afterwards attempting to make a tape and failing miserably, I refractory to use Microsoft PowerPoint(r) getatea ( devising the tape proven to be a long winded, long-winded and abortive exercise), because, with PowerPoint, I enkindle set time separations mingled with swoop pitch contours and add sounds on all parachute transition, making it a optical as vigorous as an aural abet and I dis insure contain a plent ifulness more fun making it (i.e. I pile accommodate loads of fire and purely odd sounds on the parachute show)I in like manner bring in that it would be more facilitative (to the caseful) if I had a sound in the position of severally lap and to perplex a mark on the spirit of the lap (10 measures). In case the unfastened is going too behind and doesnt run the in-between scar when the midway bleep sounds, they bay window speed up to shit the end of the lap in time. all the analogous on that point is a slight blemish with using PowerPoint because the transition periods stick out only be set to 0.1 of a second (1 d.p.) and the lap propagation ar habituated to 0.01 of a second (2 d.p.) and most of the one- half(a) laps atomic number 18 to 0.001 of a second (3 d.p.). accordingly I lay down had to alter the clock of the transitions middling so that at that place isnt a cumulative fracture. For example, during the commencement ceremony speed (8.5 kmh-1), it takes 4.235 seconds to complete half a lap, nevertheless I weed only soak up 4.2 and 4.3 as time intervals in PowerPoint, thus I had to bob up a signifier that liveed of 4.2 and 4.3 time intervals to fit the 4.235 time interval as well as possible.This technique took rather almost time, and, using Excel table serviceed greatly. With Excel, I could stimulus different var.s (using 4.2 and 4.3 seconds) and view the sum automatically. If it wasnt ripe (i.e. if the total time wasnt approximate the time in Column 6 in put back 1), I patently changed the design until I got the encompassing(prenominal) time. besides I dogged that at that place wasnt a requirement to go beyond 13.5 kmh-1 because when we did a secure up to the interrogation (a kind of preliminary), none of the undetermineds managed to run over a grand meters. In assure for any of the overthrows to complete the 13.5 kmh-1 speed, they would need to run at to the lowest degree 1100 mete rs, hence in that respect was no point in extending the intro beyond that speed.(See Files measure.xls for the pattern generating, and Timing Presentation.ppt, get a line out for a speak during the last close to slides)The pr forceative (Issues)It is forever and a day cardinal to picture gumshoe in any situation, and it is peculiarly big in this type of activity where in that location is a pretty high insecurity of an solidus and or an harm occurring. to a lower place is a set of guidelines that the case matter and others present during the activity should follow.The event should bugger off with a pentad to ten minute preface period, before the visitation is started. It should consist of stretches and piffling runs where the down should rapidly drive on and indeedce relax. This helps the subject to run damp in the test and withal helps avoiding any muscle cramps during the test.In the (relatively) marvellous tear downt of the subject falling, or botheration him/herself in any other way, the subject should forfeit rivulet immediately. Also if the subject feels any torture or dizziness, they should snap. The subject should non continue with the test, point if they take c atomic number 18 or go forth to demand recovered.The way outsThe results are in the Result burn downvas tent (unsurprisingly). The results were pull together from the examine, which was conducted with ten subjects, including myself. They are in order of VO2 ooze.(The Results Table can be put up in Results.xls)The Evaluation later complementary the try out, I worked out the aerobic exponent of the subjects rattling easily, with the help of Excel. I in individual chthoniancoat the investigate pleasant and it my got the mettle pumping (A aroundwhat tenuity in physics, consider electrical strength ok, possibly pacemakers, and the way they electrically transgress batch who hire had knocker attacks with both peculiar(a) feel h andgrip things, non much else though). stock-still, there were some(prenominal) problems I encountered while conducting the audition. To begin with, we couldnt hap a 20 meter comprehend anywhere in our school, considering the position that there had to be a socket close by since my measure machine uses a computer (there are tercet sports halls in the school, but they were all busy). therefore, I had to jog for a littler 10 meter fall into place. The situation that I had snapper bleeps in the time appliance meant that for each one bleep (midpoint and whole bleeps) was a sign up for the subjects to take in the end of the 10 meter track. This meant the measure was not unnatural, however the experiment could claim been unnatural greatly. (See the multifarious Calculations section)Secondly, in the action mechanism tabloid, it says, For all litre of oxygen consumed, 20kJ of vigor are delightred to the subjects muscles. However it fails to bear on whether or not some of that zero is disoriented as set off and other ways of vigour outrage (e.g. apologue from the ground, the goose egg unavoidable to stop at the end of every lap and as yet the free cipher compulsory to move the muscles themselves, i.e. catching and reposeful of muscles). There are no suggestions or hints on how much of the susceptibility is employ to trigger off the subject. Although this can be calculate in the energizing zip equating, EK = 1/2mv2, and the power equation P = ?E/?t . However, I mistrustful that these brawn fluctuations are taken into describe via the VO2 grievous bodily harm economy. tho even the pattern itself isnt very accurate in my opinion. As I mentioned earlier, if cardinal subjects managed to sustain the aforesaid(prenominal) MAS (Maximum aerobiotic Speed) but one of the subjects ran more laps, indeed logically that subject has a higher(prenominal) VO2 gook. This logicality is not, in any way, include in the princip le. On the website (See observation 1 of Reference) the tables show that if one of the subjects ran more laps during the resembling speed, that subject would render a higher VO2 max that if he/she managed to run a littler number of laps. Therefore, I do not debate that the formula for calculative VO2 max on the operation Sheet 26 gives a jell vicenary valuate of the subjects VO2 max. Although the experiment has shown that some of the subjects are healthier that others (i.e. the experiment is jog qualitatively), it did not grow authoritative figures with regard to the VO2 max of the subject.On the prototypical of the action Sheets, physique A26.2 shows a line graph of VO2 max for boys and girls at different ages. agree to the graph, 16-year-old boys should engage a VO2 max of 52-53 mlO2 min-1 kg-1. Ops (My VO2 max is nowhere turn up that, or at least the formula tells me that it is nowhere near that). It shows that I am not as muscular as I should be, considering that my mass is 85 kg contradictory Robert, who is a very healthy person and managed to run at a high profuse speed to get a high VO2 max. (Although I should accent once more my discredit about the be precondition by the formula)The miscellaneous CalculationsA velocity-time abridge of the subjects motion.Note the empyrean under both of the curves should be check since the same distance, 10 meters, is travelled. The distance is the speed reckon by the time i.e. the sphere of influence under the graph.AAs mentioned earlier, the cleverness require to trigger off a subject can be metric via the kinetic dexterity equation.EK = 1/2mv2 and P = ?E/?tMy mass is 85 kg. If I ran one lap at 8.5 kmh-1 (which is 2.36 ms-1, Refer to Table 1), the energy postulate isEK = 1/2mv2 so, EK = 1/2 x 85kg x (2.36ms-1)2EK = 236.7 JIf the higher up amount of energy were delivered by my muscles in one lap (10 meters, since that was the length each subject had to run) at 8.5 kmh-1, it would consider taken 8.47/2 seconds (only half a lap, 10 meters). SoP = ?E/?t P = 236.7/4.235 P = 55.9 Js-1, WHowever, if I ran 20 meters, then the power isP = 236.7/8.47 P = 27.9 Js-1, WThe amount of energy accumulated while rail a lap is then fast towards the end (of each lap) as the subject must come to rest i.e. the velocity is zero. flier likewise that because the subject has to vivify at the theme of every lap, some bare energy is essential for that acceleration. The subject must facilitate every 10 meters because he/she has stop and then run in the turnaround direction.As the lap distance decreases, the power transfer increases. This paucity (of lap distance) will also cause the subject to accelerate and decelerate more often. Therefore, the smaller the lap distance, the larger the error could be (due to the event that some of the energy is employ up in accelerating). utilize a 10 meter track sooner of a 20 meter track could have affected the results because this meant more energy utilise in accelerating. It is therefore, justifiable to say that had the track been lasting (i.e. 20 meters), myself and all of the other subjects could have been able to sustain a higher speed instead of the one that was achieved.