Saturday, August 31, 2019
Mise-En-Scene in Batman Begins
How is mise-en-scene utilised to convey meaning within Batman Begins (Christopher Nolan, 2005)? Mise-en-scene refers to the director’s control of what appears in the frame. It includes those aspects of film that overlap with the art of the theatre: setting, lighting, costume, and the behaviour of the figures (Bordwell and Thompson, 2008, p. 112). Each of these aspects can be used to convey meaning, whether explicit, implicit or symptomatic. The director controls these aspects, in concert with other film techniques, in an attempt to guide the viewer to make sense of the film in the way the director would like them to.Batman Begins is a Heroes Quest,†a journey that leads to necessary self-discovery and to a climax in which the protagonists make a choice between two worlds in which they may live†(Wade Jennings, 1988, p. 250). â€Å"Setting is a crucial part of film’s expressive capabilities, and because it is subject to the techniques of other aspects of mis e-en-scene it constitutes much more than simply a backdrop for the action of the story†(Speidal, 2007, p. 8) From the skyline and streets of Gotham City, to the Chinese prison and Tibetan monastery, each setting in Batman Begins is recognisable as belonging to our world, or a close facsimile of our world. This conveys the meaning that although Batman Begins is a superhero film, Batman’s world is governed by the same natural laws as ours and we won’t be seeing the kinds of superpowers possessed by the superheroes of other stories. It also infers that the tools we use interpret the world around us can be used to understand Batman Begins.That Batman Begins takes place in a world similar to our own is reinforced by the lack of stylised lighting often employed in other films in the genre. But the viewer is still reminded that Batman’s story is a heroic story by the use of High-key Lighting (including night scenes). Lighting has formed its own patterns of devel opment through its use in film so that now High-key Lighting is associated with comedies, adventure films and dramas (Bordwell and Thompson, 2008, p. 129). Costume and makeup can likewise have specific function within a film.While Batman Begins explicitly states that the use of the bat motif (and by association, the bat-like suit) is because it is primal, elemental, and scary, Bruce Wayne’s line in minute 69, â€Å"A guy who dresses up as a bat, clearly has issues†also alludes to another meaning, that Bruce Wayne has issues; his fear, his guilt, his drive. Bordwell and Thompson maintain that the Classical Hollywood narrative (2008, p. 137) was built on ideologically stereo-typed roles such as the Irish cop on the beat, the Jewish pawnbroker, the wisecracking waitress or showgirl.In Batman Begins, the villains Batman must overcome also represent deeper personal issues; Falcone is crime, Flass and Faden are corruption, Ra’s Al Ghul is vengeance. Batman is likewis e supported by characters who represent traits he must adopt; Gordon hasn’t been tainted by the corruption surrounding him, Alfred is loyal and Rachel is moral. Mise-en-scene uses the real world settings, lighting and costume to convey to viewers, that even though Batman Begins is a superhero story, viewers can make use of existing tools from the real world to make sense of it.Meanwhile the use of stereo-typed roles delivered through staging provides tangible representations of the internal journey Batman makes in the film. These aspects combined with other film techniques, provide meaning to Batman Begins. Bibliography Bordwell, David & Thompson, Kristin (2008). Film Art: An Introduction (8th ed. ). New York: McGraw Hill. Jennings, Wade (1988). â€Å"Fantasy†in Handbook of American Genres, Ed. Wes D. Gehring. New York: Greenwood Press. Speidal, Suzanne (2007). â€Å"Film form and narrative†in Introduction to Film Studies (4th ed. ), Ed. Jill Nelmes. Oxon: Rou tledge.
Friday, August 30, 2019
Political Rhetoric Essay
John F. Kennedy and Barack Obama both make successful attempts at addressing the thoughts, concerns, and fears of the American people in their speeches made on the Democratic platform. John F. Kennedy addresses the nation in his 1960 â€Å"Inaugural Address,†while Obama addresses Bostonians at Democratic Convention in a speech entitled â€Å"The Audacity of Hope.†Both speakers demonstrate the skilful use of the rhetorical devices ethos, logos, and pathos for the purpose of garnering support for policies and ideas thought to be important in shaping the future of the country. The appeals made by these speakers demonstrate an ability to grab the interest of the audience and engage their attention through continued appeals to their conscience as humans and Americans (Callaway). Both Obama and Kennedy succeed in employing these ethical, logical, and pathetic modes of discourse in a tone that seeks to motivate and inspire their audiences to support them in their endeavors. As a young Catholic, John F. Kennedy’s road to the white house was filled with difficulties. He lost the ballot for the Democratic candidacy in 1956, and was forced to wait four more years before he could gain the chance to run for the American Presidency. His victory over Richard Nixon in November of 1960 was very hard won, with many persons apprehensive of his campaign strategy involving making the United States a new frontier. As the country had entered an economic slump and faced the threat of communism, his job was difficult on both domestic and foreign frontiers. Yet, his policies were dynamic, and he audibly heralded the dawn of a new generation (The White House).  John F. Kennedy gave his inaugural speech on January 20, 1961 as the 35th president of the United States and the youngest one to date (Carter 36). This inaugural speech is an exemplary one in the discipline of rhetoric for it skillfully engages its audience with tone at the beginning of the speech, as he downplays the Democratic victory and calls attention to the tradition of liberty that has been the heritage of the American people (Meyer 239). He speaks not of â€Å"victory of a party but a celebration of freedomâ€â€symbolizing an end as well as a beginningâ€â€signifying a renewal as well as change†(Kennedy). Using well chosen diction, he declares unselfishly an eagerness to protect the hard-won freedom and a determination to act morally on the national and international scene. He makes the claim that â€Å"civility is not a sign of weakness,†thereby underscoring the importance of ethical conduct and principled behavior (Kennedy). Kennedy’s assertion of the unity of his country is one that, according to his discourse, aims to extend to the entirety of the Americas. He clarifies the context of this civility by highlighting the courage that should attend all diplomatic endeavors. This was the period of the Bay of Pigs in which Russia’s apparent aim was to establish a presence in Cuba. Kennedy declares, â€Å"Let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house†(Kennedy). This represents an ethical claim which finds it just and right for the stronger nations in the region to stand guard on behalf of the weaker ones. Kennedy makes this statement in order to show that the United States does and should consider it its duty to safeguard the interests of the countries of Earth’s Western Hemisphere.            John F. Kennedy also appeals to the logical sense of the entire nation in a number of ways throughout his speech (Meyer 239). For example, he refers to the diplomacy he intends to undertake with other nations and announces that logic and discussion will attend such diplomatic meetings for the discussion of arms and hostile military activity. He displays the logic of his belief in his statement that nations in conflict do well to â€Å"formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms†(Kennedy). The systematic method in which these proposed ideas are to be dealt with underscores the logical construction of the manner in which such negotiations are to proceed.            The speech by Kennedy also reflects a significant appeal to the sentiments of the nation (Meyer 139). The pathetic sympathies of his audience are aroused in his appeal to the traditions of liberty upon which the nation has been built. This patriotism elicits the pride and nationalism of the audience in the hope of identifying and exploiting the connection between the militarist actions of the past and his proposal for diplomatic action in the future. He appeals for their support in his famous lines, â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country. Ask not what America will do for you but what together we can do for the freedom of man†(Kennedy). He makes this appeal, and in doing so requests the assistance of Americans’ sense of duty, which should be â€Å"unwilling to witness or permit†any form of encroachment upon the freedom hard won by those forefathers who died on the battlefields (Kennedy). Here he indicates that the Soviet efforts to establish threatening communist connections with Cuba would not be tolerated by the United States.            Kennedy also appeals to the trepidation felt by many Americans because of the stand-off developing between the United States and the Soviet Union. He refers to the state of atomic warfare in the world and speaks to the widespread fear that seemed to permeate the nation since the atomic bomb became a threat. He demonstrates his understanding of people’s concern with what he terms â€Å"the steady spread of the deadly atom†(Kennedy). He makes this appeal to the fear they feel in order to win their support for the military budget he subsequently proposes. Kennedy evokes the deep sense of endurance of the people in a â€Å"call to bear the burden of a long, twilight struggle, year in and year out†(Kennedy). This reflects the depth of the seriousness which he attributes to the threat of atomic aggression by hostile Communist states. Furthermore, the fact that this idea is given immediately following the allusion to â€Å"the graves of young Americans who answered the call to service around the globe†points to the gravity of the situation that faces the United States. Kennedy, therefore, stirs the feelings of his audience in order to garner their acceptance of the idea that the costly upkeep of the military – most likely leading to a greater tax burden – is of great necessity to the preservation of American life, liberty, and dignity. It will be seen that the effectiveness of Barack Obama’s speech utilizes techniques that are similar to those used by Kennedy. Barack Obama’s keynote speech to the National Democratic Convention was given on July 29, 2004 before he became a Senator (African-American 16). His goal in giving this speech is to promote the idea of living the American dream under the democratic candidate John Kerry. It is an example of a speech written to appeal to readers on several levels of the rhetorical scale. At this point in Obama’s life, he is a member of the Illinois state legislature and has recently announced his candidacy for the United States Senate. As a legislator, he has had exposure to the responsibility of making ethical decisions that result in the better regulation of the liberties promised in the constitution (Mack 99). He has also done work in very poor neighborhoods, and knows firsthand the problems faced by the people in those areas. The moral credibility of this speech is embodied in this central purpose: to promote and support â€Å"life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness†(Obama). He cites these qualities as being attributable to a â€Å"faith in simple dreams, an insistence on small miracles; that we can tuck in our children at night and know that they are fed and clothed and safe from harm; that we can say what we think, write what we think, without hearing a sudden knock on the door†(Obama). The knowledge Obama has gained from his diverse experience qualifies him to speak on the behalf of a candidate whose aims are drafted along the lines of enacting legislation that will improve people’s social condition. Obama also uses ethical reasoning in his charge to the American leaders to engage the governments of other nations in talks that will unite countries under the banner of their common problems rather than divide them based on conflict. He charges such leaders to encourage them to explore the areas of science that give wonder and hope, rather than those areas that terrify and promise harm. In this way, Obama appeals to the deep sense of moral character and integrity possessed by his hearers, and which he knows they hope for the person he introduces – John Kerry – to bring to his agenda as a democratic candidate for the presidency. Obama also utilizes the rhetorical device of pathos in his Democratic Convention speech. From the very beginning of his speech, his words appeal to the sentiments of his audience as he reminisces on the ancestral lines that brought him to where he now stands. He highlights how unlikely it is for him to have achieved the privilege of being in his current position, because of the lowliness of his father’s birth (Mack 101). His humility is evident in his use of the phrase â€Å"Thank you†eight times in the first two lines. He mentions the goat-herding vocation of his father, and yet contrasts this with the strength of the dreams his grandfather had for his goat-herding son. Obama appeals further to the audience’s sentiment by underlining the level of hard work to which his maternal grandfather committed himself, emphasizing his eagerness to enlist in the American military on the day that Pearl Harbor was bombed. He also does this in his reference to the variety of people who seek a land in which they call home. He says, â€Å"It’s the hope of slaves sitting around a fire singing freedom songs; the hope of immigrants setting out for distant shores; the hope of a young naval lieutenant bravely patrolling the Mekong Delta; the hope of a mill-worker’s son who dares to defy the odds; the hope of a skinny kid with a funny name who believes that America has a place for him, too†(Obama). In this way, he appeals to the patriotic nature of the audience and to highlight the right he and the diverse population have to claim this nation as their own. Barack Obama also makes a joint appeal both to the logos and pathos of the audience in his allusion to the job and health care situations in America. He says, â€Å"It is that fundamental belief: I am my brother’s keeper. I am my sister’s keeper that makes this country work,†and this represents his rousing of the conscience of the people toward a more communal type of social policy he advocates (Obama). He also demonstrates reasoning and in his treatment of specific problems, evoking a sense that justice fails where people who have worked diligently all their lives are now required to compete with teenagers for low-paying jobs. This form of appeal also comes to the fore where he mentions the hardworking father who is at a loss to figure out how he can pay a $4500 weekly bill for his sick son when he cannot afford insurance (Obama). The dismal circumstances evoke the sympathy of his hearers. He also combines logos and pathos in his mention of the health care situation. From a logical point of view, humanitarian considerations support the idea of universal health care and hard work should logically be rewarded with proper medical treatment when necessary. The tone of Obama’s address is one of patriotism and urgency. He speaks of the drive and heart of the American people underscores his point that the leader he endorses believes strongly in the ideas he has put forth. He says, â€Å"Now even as we speak, there are those who are preparing to divide us  the spin masters, the negative ad peddlers who embrace the politics of ‘anything goes.’ Well, I say to them tonight, there is not a liberal America and a conservative America  there is the United States of America†(Obama). His tone is also inspirational and motivational, and he highlights the ways in which the passion and ambition of the American people has the ability not just to make them succeed in the things to which they put their hands and minds, but also to unite them as one nation. Yet he also highlights the areas that need change, and encourages all the audience that together such goals can be achieved if the American initiative and ingenuity is employed. He exhorts his audience with his words and provocative tone to move forward by selecting the right candidate.            The speeches of John F. Kennedy and Barack Obama use rhetoric as a means of constructing logical and ethical arguments that appeal also to the sentiments of their audience. Both speakers show themselves to be exceptional orators and to possess skill in rousing the spirits of the nation in support of their political campaigns. They also show themselves to be united in their efforts to earn the backing of the American people for future domestic and foreign policies. Obama appeals to the deepest and most immediate concerns of the people, and by insisting on his interest in social welfare programs, shows himself worthy of their trust and sympathies. Kennedy’s inaugural speech highlights the endeavor of a newly elected Democratic president to air the qualities of an unproven leader as being propitious for the direction the country seeks to take. Kennedy makes himself one with the people by referring to the areas in which they share ethical beliefs and logical connections. Both speakers allude to recent and older historical periods in which wars were fought and Americans died. In so doing, the speakers are able to garner support for the policies that will preserve freedom and prosperity for many gave their lives. Works Cited â€Å"An African-American Law School Professor Aims to Become the Fifth Black U.S.      Senator.†The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. Vol. 43 (Spring, 2004) pp 16 – 17.         JSTOR. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=10773711%28200421%290%3A43%3C16            %3AAALSPA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R. Callaway, Michael. â€Å"Logos, Ethos, and Pathos.†Arizona State University. 26 January 2008            http://www.public.asu.edu/~macalla/logosethospathos.html. Carter, Burnham Jr. â€Å"President Kennedy’s Inaugural Address.†College Composition and            Communication. Vol. 14 No. 1 (February, 1963) pp 36 – 40. JSTOR. 1 February 2008            http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0010096X%28196302%2914%3A1%3C36%3APKIA%3            E2.0.CO%3B2-Q Kennedy, John Fitzgerald. â€Å"Inaugural Address.†20 January 1061. American Rhetoric: Online  Speech Bank. 26 January 2008 http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ jfkinaugural.htm. Mack, Kenneth W. â€Å"Barack Obama before He Was a Rising Political Star†The Journal of        Blacks in Higher Education. No. 45, pp 99 – 104 (Autumn, 2004). JSTOR. 1 February       2008 http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1077-3711%28200423%290%3A45%3C98% 3ABOBHWA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N. Meyer, Sam. â€Å"The John F. Kennedy Inauguration Speech: Function and Importance of Its         ‘Address System’.†Rhetoric Society Quarterly Vol. 12 No. 4 (Autumn, 1982), pp. 239-    250. JSTOR. 1 February 2008 http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0277-3945%28198223 %2912%3A4%3C239%3ATJFKIS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M . Obama, Barack. â€Å"The Audacity of Hope.†27 July 2004. American Rhetoric: Online Speech     Bank. 26 January 2008 http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/convention2004/ barackobama2004dnc.htm. White House, The. â€Å"John Kennedy.†Past Presidents. Washington. Retrieved on February 18,  2008 from http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jk35.html Annotated Bibliography â€Å"An African-American Law School Professor Aims to Become the Fifth Black U.S. Senator.†            The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. Vol. 43 (Spring, 2004) pp 16 – 17.                                  JSTOR. . This article from The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education appeared in the Spring 2004 edition. It is an un-authored article that talks about Barack Obama’s rise through the political ranks all the way up to running for Senator. This article will help provide background information related to Obama’s early years in the State Legislature and later on in the Senate. Blakesley, David, and Jeffrey Hoogeveen. The Brief Thompson Handbook. Ohio: Thomson                Wadsworth, 2008. This book is a handbook used for reference in all forms of writing. It has unique sections such as MLA documentation and how to research writing critically. It served a dual purpose in my paper as it was able to help me define several key terms as well as cite all appropriate sources properly. Callaway, Michael. â€Å"Logos, Ethos, and Pathos.†Arizona State University. 26 January 2008                 . This site presents a helpful chart on the ethos, pathos, and logos, which clearly differentiates each of the three styles of presenting an argument. It also presents clear definition as well as some examples from known articles written by recognized celebrities. It also gave insight into how to prepare a well-developed essay on rhetoric. Carter, Burnham Jr. â€Å"President Kennedy’s Inaugural Address.†College Composition and                                Communication. Vol. 14 No. 1 (February, 1963) pp 36 – 40. JSTOR. 1 February                                   2008 http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0010096X%28196302%2914%3A1%3            C36%3APKIA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q This five page article by Burnham Carter Jr. was written two years after President John F. Kennedy gave his Inaugural Address. It praises Kennedy’s words and goes on to explore why it was such a great speech. This article is very well organized and uses outsides sources to get its point across. The ideas in this article will provide a basis upon which to build further arguments concerning the effectiveness of John F. Kennedy’s speech. Clarke, Thurston. â€Å"The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed                        America.†The San Francisco Chronicle. 24 October, 2004. 26 January 2008                           . This article from the San Francisco Chronicle by Thurston Clarke recounts one of the most famous speeches ever given: The Inauguration of JFK. There was a myth that the speech could have been written by JFK’s assistant, Ted Sorensen. However, in the article Thurston disproves the rumor and demonstrates how JFK was the true author of his own remarkable words. The work helps give insight into the strategic mind of John F. Kennedy, and will apply to the logical aspects of the analytic paper.. Kennedy, John Fitzgerald. â€Å"Inaugural Address.†20 January 1061. American Rhetoric: Online             Speech Bank. 26 January 2008 . John F Kennedy’s Inaugural Address can be found in the Online Speech Bank of the American Rhetoric website. On this specific page it has the audio, video, and text of the speech that I will be analyzing. The speech will be examined on the following areas of rhetoric: pathos, logos and ethos, and will provide the primary material to be assessed. Mack, Kenneth W. â€Å"Barack Obama before He Was a Rising Political Star†The Journal of                   Blacks in Higher Education. No. 45, pp 99 – 104 (Autumn, 2004). JSTOR. 1                              February 2008 . Kenneth W. Mack wrote this four page article for The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education in the Fall of 2004. In the article, Mack addresses his relationship with Barack Obama on both a political and personal scale. He recounts anecdotes of himself and Obama along with other important political figures to shed light on hwo deserving Obama is of his acclaim. He also analyzes the Keynote Address that Obama gave at the 2004 Democratic National Convention. This article will provide deeper insight into the Obama’s character, and will inform the main ideas presented in the analysis of his speech. Meyer, Sam. â€Å"The John F. Kennedy Inauguration Speech: Function and Importance of Its                     ‘Address System’.†Rhetoric Society Quarterly Vol. 12 No. 4 (Autumn, 1982),                          pp. 239-250. JSTOR. 1 February 2008 . This twelve page article is an in-depth analysis on John F Kennedy’s Inaugural Speech. It explores all aspects of the speech with topics ranging from the audience to logos, pathos, and ethos. It breaks down different quotations and analyzes the content and not only the textual meaning but possible broader meanings. It will aid in the relation of the ideas presented in JFK’s speech to the context in which it was made. Obama, Barack. â€Å"The Audacity of Hope.† 27 July 2004. American Rhetoric: Online Speech               Bank. 26 January 2008 . The American Rhetoric is a website that houses famous pieces of literature, both American and Foreign. This particular piece is a speech from the 2004 Democratic National Convention and is the Key Note Address. The speech is given by Barack Obama when he was still a member of the Illinois State Legislator. I will be examining the speech for the main elements of Rhetoric: logos, pathos and ethos. It will be used as the main source from which quotations and examples will be drawn in an analysis of the speech’s effectiveness. Ramage, John, John Bean, and June Johnson. Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings. 7th         ed. White Plains, NY: Longman, 2006. This is a book that revolves around the topic of arguments. It defines argument, presents numerous argument readings over the pages, and then tackles on assisting readers into writing arguments. One of the arguments in the text is a speech by Former Attorney General John Ashcroft titled, â€Å"Testimony to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary.†Using pathos Ashcroft states that America must not be complacent and should be one-on-one in defending the nation against terrorist attacks. Another argument in the book is made by Patricia Williams in an article titled â€Å"To See or Not to See.†This article tackles the invalidity of the antiterrorism policies, especially when it comes to liberty and human rights of the minorities. The methods in which these state officials tackle these tough problems will give insight into the difficulties facing Kennedy at the time. Comparisons of his attitude with that of these contemporary leaders will help to indicate the extent to w hich his proposed policies were necessary. United Sates. Senate. Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois. 1 February 2008. This website is the homepage for Senator Barack Obama. It is a very detailed site with many subsidiary pages that include things from biographical information to his previous speeches on podcast. The homepage has an RSS feed that gives up to the minute latest news relating to the Senator. It also indicates the issues for which Obama argues and different committees with which he is associated. This source gives an idea of the Obama’s political interests and facilitates the comparison of his speech’s main points. It also gives insight into the areas in which Obama may have done (or found) research for his speech. White House, The. â€Å"John Kennedy.†Past Presidents. Washington. Retrieved on February 18,  2008 from http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jk35.html This article is a biography of John F. Kennedy, detailing his birth, tour in Japan, road to the White House and subsequent assassination while in office. It also tells of other accomplishments, the Bay of Pigs campaign, and the overall mission that he had in store for the country. It is useful as a source of general background information concerning Kennedy. Â
Thursday, August 29, 2019
Fly-by-Night Case
Part A There were many signals shown in the financial statements and other exhibits in the case that represented poor cash flow through Year 14. The most obvious of them all is that the collectability of the accounts receivables was problematic. It seemed as if Fly-by-Night had a good system of collecting their sales on account from year 9 to year 10 as the accounts receivable number decreased during those years. However, the accounts receivable account increased by more than six times through years ten and fourteen.Because of this poor system of collecting accounts receivable, Fly-by-Night’s cash flow would suffer. The same can be said about the inventory account. Because the amount of inventory increased by almost five times through years twelve and fourteen, the cash would continue to decrease at the same rate. Another area of concern that affected Fly-by-Night’s cash flow negatively was their income from continuing operations. All of the companies’ expenses o n its comparative income statement had enormous increases from year 13 to 14.This was the first year that Fly-by-Night recorded a loss from continuing operations and it was a pretty big loss. This suggests that they paid too much to run their business. Some of the ratios presented in the case also suggests a negative flow of cash for year 14. The long term debt ratio dropped from 88% to 0% in year 14, which means that the company paid all of its long-term debt in year 14 and that would have a huge impact on cash flow.The quick ratio also had a major drop from year 12 to year 14, which indicated that the amount of cash and accounts receivable to cover its current liabilities was becoming a problem. Part B I do not believe that FBN can avoid bankruptcy by year 15. In the case, it states â€Å"As of April 30, Year 14, the Company is in default of its debt covenants. It is also in default with respect to covenants underlying its capitalized lease obligations. As a result, lenders have the right to accelerate repayment of their loans. Accordingly, the Company has lassified all of its long-term debt as a current liability. †The way the company is moving, it does not appear that FBN will have enough cash to cover these now current liabilities. The company has to implement new strategies in order to avoid bankruptcy. First of all, there has to be better communication between the members of the board. It says that Mather received a loan authorized by the board for $1,000,000 when later that month the board said it was unaware of this loan and that it never authorized it. Obviously there was fraud occurring when Mather was the CEO.With better oversight by the board, problems such as this could be averted. Also, FBN needs a better system to collect its accounts receivables. As said in Part A, the accounts receivable amount had increased so much in the past 5 years and that negatively affected cash. It is a misnomer that high revenue is the sign of success when re ally it should be how much cash the company has. That is why Mather was confused why there was a problem with cash and the reason was that the company did not pay enough attention to the cash flow statement.
Montaigne's Apology for Raymond Sebond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Montaigne's Apology for Raymond Sebond - Essay Example They are founded on ones capability to provide sufficient testimony to sustain such claims. He argues that anything can appear truthful or not depending on one’s interpretation and the amount of backing provided to support the claims. In Montaigne’s view, it is a person’s ability to provide irrefutable evidence, which determines if he or she appears stupid or clever, obscure or inconsistent. However, there is always the likelihood that someone else will dispute any idea, agree with it, or be at a tangent to it. In his opinion, Montagne argues that the different perceptions or considerations are what have given value to many things worth nothing. In this essay, the problematic issue is on the question of whether honey is sweet, or bitter. The discussion revolves around Heraclitus, Protagoras, and Democritus and Pyrrhonists opinions regarding the taste of honey. According to Heraclitus and Protagoras, honey has both qualities of being sweet and bitter. On the other hand, Democritus argues that honey is neither sweet nor bitter while Pyrrhonists claims not to know whether honey is sweet or bitter. This is an analysis of the different views regarding the reliability of senses as trackers of truth. Each of the four philosophers tries to support their own opinion. From the fact that honey was sweet to one and bitter to another Democritus and Protagoras drew their conclusion that it is neither sweet not bitter. In their opinion, sweetness or bitterness exists by convention. Sweetness or bitterness is thus not a quality of honey. Additionally they felt that attribution of traits or qualities are subjective affection that depicts our own perceptions regarding different things. In their view, honey is neither sweet nor bitter, the sweetness and the bitterness is an idea belonging to mind of the person tasting it. Bitterness and sweetness are two different things and thus it is not possible for something to have both qualities. Consequently, it is not possible for two conflicting opinions to be correct. The perception that something can be both sweet and bitter demonstrates that the language we use to describe things does not relate to anything in actuality. Qualities associated with different things are thus a mere depiction of our discernments and not the truth. Democritus and Protagoras opinion was different from that of Heraclitus who concluded that honey is both sweet and bitter. Heraclitus proposition was that â€Å"all things have in them features we discern†(Montaigne 147). By this, he meant that the attributes or traits associated with anything could vary depending on the person viewing it. Therefore, the qualities of bitterness and sweetness are in the honey but different people will perceive and describe them differently. For that reason, the opinions regarding anything depend on what the person wants to propose. There is thus no specific or constant outlook into anything. Heraclitus message was that our perce ption tends to be partial and thus the conclusion depends on one’s discernment but does not necessary mean it is the truth of the matter. Our senses are thus inadequate since they perceive whatever we want them to or want we want to advocate but not the reality. Pyrrhonian claimed not to know if honey is sweet, bitter, neither, or both. This opinion demonstrates doubts on whether any of the above quality exists or not. The
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3
Humanities - Essay Example This paper approves that The settlement was started in mid-1830s when Yankee whaling ships who had gone from the Pacific areas began arriving in cove at the west side of San Francisco Bay. This cove became popular to ships to replenish their supplies before returning home around Cape Horn. By 1849, after the gold rush, San Francisco became inhabited by around 40,000 people to take advantage of the economic boom, and buildings soon started to rise. They were short lived because fires ate them up damaging millions of dollars worth of property and displacing many families. Business and commerce became alive again, with warehouses, shops, hotels, and saloons mushrooming in the waterfront streets doing brisk business. People who came from around the world came to settle in San Francisco. The cornerstone for the cathedral was laid on July 17, 1853, and the design resembled a â€Å"Gothic church in Alemany’s hometown in Spain.†Our church’s website describes the first constructed cathedral as having â€Å"parapets on either flank, surmounted with embrasures, and buttresses finished cut-stone pinnacles. Inside a vaulted ceiling with groin arches rose above a Carrara marble altar imported from Rome.†This essay makes a conclusion that all these years saw the emergence of a new Old Saint Mary’s Cathedral with many new plans and projects for its reconstruction, and with the start of Old Saint Mary’s Living Landmark Campaign initiated by Rev. Charles Kullman, CSP, Pastor.
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
Analysing tourism and Hospitality Organisation Essay
Analysing tourism and Hospitality Organisation - Essay Example It is also considered to be one of the major divers towards the development of economic conditions and employment opportunities for both developing and developed countries in today’s modern day context. In UK, tourism and hospitality industry is regarded as a major business sector assisting towards the development of the economic conditions (Kapiki, 2012). Forecasting the advantages of rapidly growth demand in this particular sector, Thomas Cook Group Plc commenced its business operations in the year 1841. The company is one of the renowned and oldest British companies offering services in relation to leisure travel to the global customers. The company is observed to be serving around 23 million customers on an annual basis. The company is mainly focused on the process of transforming its business activities with the objective of offering customers with more innovative and superior quality services or innovative products. The major objective of the company is therefore confine d to attract customers or tourists to have a better tourism experience. The company seeks that its customers are offered with innovative and quality services. The ultimate aim of the company is to meet as well as provide services or products beyond the expectations of its targeted customers. The company with effective management of business operations has planned to improve profitability and reduce operational costs [1] (Thomas Cook, 2012). In this regard, Thomas Cook has planned and implemented various strategies with the intention of accomplishing the determined objectives or aims successfully. The company has developed strategies in relation to hotel concepts, ‘products and service innovation’, ‘single customer gateway’ and ‘execution supported by brand and technology’ which are being elaborated below. International Hotel Concept Thomas Cook has undertaken this strategy with the intention of expanding and developing its business operations i n the international market segments. Moreover, the company has adopted this strategy in order to collaborate with various international hotels. This strategy is expected to assist the company in offering better quality services and room facilities to customers. The company possesses various hotel concepts in continental as well as Northern European regions which include Sunwing, Smartline and Sentido. Furthermore, these hotels’ concepts are planned to be expanded in order to provide better accommodation services to customers [2] (Thomas Cook, 2013). Product and Service Innovation Thomas Cook has devised plans as well as strategies with the objective of offering better trusted and innovative products and/or services to its customers. The company, with the assistance of this strategy, aims at providing better packaged holiday programs for travellers along with better accommodation and travelling services. The customers are also offered with ‘high tech services’ to assist its customers in developing community relationships, where customers can share their experiences and investigate about the services delivered by the company. In this context, the company expects that customers will be able to identify the best services offered and will subsequently, motivate customers to make repeat purchases; thus, retaining the loyal buyers [2] (Thomas Cook, 2013). Single Customer Gateway Thomas Cook has formulated and adopted the strategy of Single Customer Gateway with the intention of facilitating customers to have access to a varied range of products
Monday, August 26, 2019
Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 36
Accounting - Essay Example Failing to provide the cash flow statement, the company will lack the proper information on telling the sources of cash and its use. Additionally, the company will not have adequate planning tool for its business success in the long term (â€Å"Cash flow statements†, 2000). To improve operations, I would compare the expenses that accumulate for a given operation to its budget and provide management warning if the expenses appear to be ahead of projections (Lawrence, 2004). This will give the company time to control cost over the remaining part of the project. I would also approach the client about the increase in billing to cover the cost overrun. Assuming the costs are reimbursed to the clients, I would carry out cost precision where the customer will pay all the expenses incurred plus the revenue. Some of the accounting activities that I would take into consideration will be the cost of materials, cost of labor, and overhead. I would use cost information history to arrive at standard rates and then assign this standard costs to jobs based on the activity units (Drury, 2002). I will allocate the manufacturing overhead cost via Departmental machine hours (Innes & Mitchell, 2003). This is because the manufacturing companies studies and controls the time for direct labour and motion. They have started using machines to replace the direct labor. Using machines increases the factory overhead due to machinery depreciation, machinery maintenance, and set up of machines. Reducing the direct labor and increasing the manufacturing overhead, the correlation between the manufacturing overhead and direct labour tends to wane. Therefore, the logical response is to allocate manufacturing overhead based on the machine hours rather than direct labor hours (Carroll, 2004). I would use break-even analysis to determine the optimum output level below which will
Sunday, August 25, 2019
Cusstom of The Country by Edith Wharton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Cusstom of The Country by Edith Wharton - Essay Example The force and power of Wharton's words is felt throughout the book. In the last chapter, Paul Marvell, home for Easter, finds himself completely alone in the huge 'museum-like' hotel that is to be his home. The descriptions of the rooms with their empty splendor and that of the library with its untouched volumes, is gripping. The reader cannot miss the empathy that Paul feels with Vandyke's Grey Boy with his face "infinitely noble and charming, and yet (in spite of the dog) so sad and lonely that he too might have come home that very day to a strange house in which none of his old things could be found" (Chapter 46). With a few well chosen adjectives and phrases - "the white fur rugs and brocade chairs seemed maliciously on the watch for smears and ink-spots" (Chapter 46), "none of the new servants--they were always new" (Chapter 46), "massive unused inkstands and immense immaculate blotters; not a single volume had slipped its golden prison" (Chapter 46), Wharton has made the very l oneliness the boy feels to emanate from the book and grip the reader. In the scene where the Spragg family gathers for breakfast, Wharton describes the settings superbly.
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Life span Wks8-12 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words
Life span Wks8-12 - Coursework Example According to Websters New World Law Dictionary (2010), death is "the end of life, when physical functions and vital signs stop." This dictionary further suggests that brain death is an "irreversible end to the functioning of the brain" which the dictionary says is often used as the legal definition. An ethical definition of death is difficult because ethics are different for different people. My definition would be the same as the legal definition: If an individual ceases to breath and their physical and vital signs have stopped, they are dead. However, in cases where someone is in a coma for several years, or when someone has a terminal illness and wants to be euthanized, ethics come more into play in determining what is "right" or "wrong" in each situation (Santrock, 2008). Each culture sees death and mourning differently. In many cultures, the community is an integral part of the mourning. As an example, the Amish community works together when someone dies. A neighbor will make sure that everyone knows about it and the family will be supported for a year after the death. The Amish engage the family in moving forward by visiting them, bringing scrapbooks and homemade items, and starting new work projects for the widow. The Amish people also will hold the funeral in a house during the winter months or in a barn during the warmer months. It is the community that takes care of all the arrangements, including burial (Santrock, 2008). If an individual is working with children, it is helpful to know the developmental stages that children follow when they are growing and learning. Understanding the various theories -- psychoanalytic, behavioral and so forth gives an understanding of how small children develop through the lifespan. Understanding how humans evolve from birth to old age is important to the scholar-practitioner because this knowledge puts into perspective the various changes a person goes
Friday, August 23, 2019
Creating my own religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Creating my own religion - Essay Example All these faiths teach people how to believe in themselves and understand the true meaning of one’s existence on this planet. However, a person can always wonder, what is it like to create one’s own religion? This question comes in because of the idea that all the religions that people do follow today, have been set down and created by people who wanted to help others comprehend the meaning of living and the art of existence. This paper helps to provide an insight regarding how an individual might take to creating a religion of their own, as well as the kind of personal theological beliefs that I possess with respect to a religion of my own. Religion is the base of a cultural system that a human being follows and this very faith helps to provide him with a sense of assurance and security and helps to provide a meaning to his or her life. Religions help a man to soul search and understand the purpose of his own existence. They may consist of symbols of worship, doctrines and scriptures that consist of wisdom and regulations, as well as morality and ethics with respect to the law of nature and survival. If one thinks about it, many years ago, there was someone who thought about the kind of philosophy that a man must follow his life by and helped to gather followers with the help of a story that consisted of faith in the supernatural; human beings gain assurance by knowing that there is a higher power that exists somewhere in the universe so that whenever something goes wrong, they will be able to have someone to answer to, or have someone who is accountable to them for doing something or carrying out a specific action. Religion thus forms the base of a man’s faith and thinking and helps him to understand the meaning of life and all its subsidiaries. On a basic grass root level, it is easy for a person to ‘form’ a religion. All one has to do is to understand the
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Implications of Clonal Genome Evolution for Cancer Medicine Essay
Implications of Clonal Genome Evolution for Cancer Medicine - Essay Example In addition, the authors show their level of knowledge of the topic at hand in that it is pretty fluent going by the information presented in the past, present and future application of genetics in the treatment of cancer. The above implies that the authors have a huge bank of knowledge of the issue. This is a fact that is difficult to refute as even the terms applied in the article only ooze competence in the field by even the comparisons made between certain aspects of cells as found in the research work. Such a thing can only be done by a person with adequate knowledge on the issues at hand, and not anyone who thinks they have adequate information on the topic, which is the case with this article. In order to appeal to the emotions of the audience, the authors apply a number of strategies that come in handy to content delivery. As such, the authors apply facts and the informative nature of the article to appeal to the audience in that, by being based on a science subject, it bring s forth information directly. In relation to this, the article does not leave the audience to seek the important point for themselves but instead, contains every kind of information that the audience would need to comprehend. The pathos of the article begins with the direct statement of the motive or goals of the article and graduates to the evolution of cancer, which is presented with facts about evolutionism, and then goes further to make deductions of the implications of the history to modern times.... th a strong sense of authority in genetics based on the lingo applied to deliver the content, which is a non-hesitant flow of word after word, which all show how much interest the author has. As such, the authors express their interest in the issue following the efforts that have been made in the field of medicine in order to inch closer to some form of treatment and understanding of cancer and its implications. With this in mind, the article shows how much the authors have gone through in order to deliver the content, which is further proof of their vested interest in the subject of evolution and cancer for the audience to pay attention. In addition, the authors show their level of knowledge of the topic at hand in that it is pretty fluent going by the information presented on the past, present and future application of genetics in the treatment of cancer. The above implies that the authors have a huge bank of knowledge of the issue. This is a fact that is difficult to refute as eve n the terms applied in the article only ooze competence in the field by even the comparisons made between certain aspects of cells as found in the research work. Such a thing can only be done by a person with adequate knowledge on the issues at hand, and not anyone who thinks they have adequate information on the topic, which is the case with this article. In order to appeal to the emotions of the audience, the authors apply a number of strategies that come in handy to content delivery. As such, the authors apply facts and the informative nature of the article to appeal to the audience in that, by being based on a science subject, it brings forth information directly. In relation to this, the article does not leave the audience to seek the important point for themselves but instead,
Chemistry Energy Levels Essay Example for Free
Chemistry Energy Levels Essay The energy of the subshell increases as follows:4slt;4plt;4dlt;4f * â€Å"4s†has the greatest probability of being close to the nucleus * Subshells are limited to # of electrons they can hold ( 2 electrons per orbital) s=21s orbital d=105d orbital p=63p orbitals f=147f orbitals Assessment * How many p subshells are in the 4th energy level (n=4)? 34px 4py 4pz * What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the 4p subshell? each p subshell can hold 2 electrons and therefore there are 3p orbitals with 2 electrons * What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the 4th energy 322n2=2(4)2 =2(16) =32 Creating Energy Level Diagrams * Used to show the relative energies of electrons in various orbitals under normal conditions * Each orbital is indicated by a separate circle/square * All orbitals of a given subshell have the same energy. Ie. The 3p orbitals in the 3p sublevels have the same energy * The spacing between successive subshells decreases as the number of subshells increases overlapping of shells having different values of n. Assessment 1. How many d orbitals exist? 5 2. How many electrons can exist in the 3d orbitals? 10-2 in each of the 5d orbitals 3. How many electrons can exist in the n=2 level? 8-remember 2n2=2(2)2=8 4. How many electrons can one 4f orbital hold? 14-2 in each of the 7f orbitals 5. Which has a higher energy a px, py, or pz orbital? They all have the same energy. 6. Which electron can be found furthest from the nucleus:2s or 3s? 3s electrons 7. Which electrons can be found furthest from the nucleus:2s or 2p. 2p is further. Fig. 3. 19 Arrow Orbital Notation Aka Orbital Diagrams * Use circles or squares for the orbitals and arrows for the electrons * RULES: * The Aufbau Principal- electrons will occupy lowest available energy level * Pauli Exclusion Principal- no two electrons have the same quantum numbers * Hund’s Rule – electrons remain unpaired for as long as possible. Ex: One electrons goes in each Px, Py, Pz, before they start to pair up Fig 3. 21 Electron Configuration Provides the same information as an energy level diagram but in a more concise format. * Li: 1s2 2s1 C:1s2 2s2 2p2 * Ne: 1s2 2s2 2p? Use the following concept map to help to determine the filling order of the orbitals: * The similarity among elements within groups and the structure of the periodic table can be explained by electron configuration * Li: 1s2 2s1 * Na: 1s2 2s2 2p? 3s1 Short Hand Notation -Use symbol of noble gas with the same core electron configuration: Ex. Na [1s2 2s2 2p? ]3s1 Or [Ne] 3s1 Some unexpected Electron Configuration * Example: Cru and Cu Expected Actual Cr: [Ar] 4s2 3d? [Ar] 4s1 3d? Cu: [Ar] 4s2 3d? [Ar] 4s1 3d10 In each case, an electron is borrowed from the 4s subshell and placed in the 3d subshell. * Cr-3d subshell becomes half-filled * Cu-3d subshell becomes full * Half-filled and fully filled subshells tend to be more stable * Other expectations: Ag: [Kr] 4s2 3d10 Au: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 Explaining Ion Charges * Remember s electrons are lost before d electrons when dealing with transition metals. Ex1. Zn Zn: [Ar] 4s2 3d10 Zn2+: [Ar] 3d10 (4s electrons are lost so that the 3d orbital remains full) Ex2. Pb Pb: [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2 Pb2+: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6p2 (The 6s electrons are lost) Pb4+: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 (The 6p electrons are lost as well as the 6s electrons) Quantum Numbers * Electron waves (orbitals) can be characterized by a set quantum numbers, n, l, ml, ms Principle quantum number (n): * Identifies the energy of an electron in an orbital * All orbitals that have the same value of n are said to be in the same shell * Range from n=1 to n=infinity * Determines the size of the electron wave how far the wave extends from the nucleus * As n increases the energies of the orbitals also increase Secondary quantum number (l): Divides the shells into smaller groups called subshells * n determines the values of l * for any given n, l may range from l=0 to l=n-1 * identifies the shape of the orbital Value of l| 0| 1| 2| 3| Letter designation| s(shape)| p(principle)| d(diffuse)| f(fundamental)| Magnetic quantum number (ml): * splits the subshells into individual orbits * identifies the orientation of the orbital * for any given value of l, ml has a value ranging from +l to –l * e. g. If l=0, ml=0; for l=1, ml=+1, 0, -1 which correspond to the x, y and z orientations of the p orbitals.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
A Report On Dabur India IT Systems Information Technology Essay
A Report On Dabur India IT Systems Information Technology Essay Dabur India Limited is Indias fourth largest consumer packaged goods company in India. They offer a wide range of specialization in health care products, personal care and food care products. Over the years, Dabur has clearly maintained its monopoly as one of the prime leaders in Indias fastest moving and developing fast moving consumer goods (FMCG). The dominance of Dadur was such that it was impossible for the Indian public to do away with their products- May it be their Chvanyaprash, honey or Glucon-D or for that matter even their dantmanjan or their shampoos. Today Dabur is arguably the worlds largest leader in ayurveda with a portfolio of over 250 herbal/ayurvedic products. It includes five flagship brands with distinct identity as their FMCG portfolio. Dabur today operates in key consumer products categories like Hair Care, Oral Care, Health Care, Skin Care, Home Care and Foods. The company has a wide distribution network, covering over 2.8 million retail outlets with a high penetration in both urban and rural markets. It has always been a challenge for Dabur to keep moving at pace with which the Information Technology (IT) sector is moving, but over the past few years the investments put in for IT by Dabur is enormous and noteworthy. Some of the IT initiatives implemented by Dabur was high appreciative- They migrated from using baan and mfg ERP systems to centralized ERP systems from 1st April 2006 in all its business units. It implemented a country wide new WAN infrastructure for running centralized ERP system. It also rolled out many new IT services to its new plants and CFAs. The prime objective of this assignment is to study the use of ERP in Dabur India Limited. A detailed analysis is given below Daburs IT initiative Dabur India has always been a firm believer in technology. To some extent, the vast use of information technology by Dabur has helped them to spread their distribution system across India and all over the world. It has also helped them to cut down on cost and increase profitability. Some of the major IT initiatives of Dabur are- Dabur implemented SAP ERP system from April 2006 for all its business units, a more advanced ERP system than the earlier Baan and Mfg ERP system. Installed a country wide WAN infrastructure for running centralized ERP system. They opened up their new data centre at KCO head office. Extension of reach system to distributors for capturing secondary sales data. Some of the future plans for Dabur are mainly focused on SAP ERP system. Integration with distributors and stockists using SAP Backward integration of SAP with suppliers. Implementation of SAP HR and pay roll. SAP ERP system ERP is a software which is pre dominantly designed to felicitate ease of enterprise operations. MYSAP is the most commonly used application of SAP by Dabur India. Normally ERP software does not discharge the functions properly if the organization does not adapt to the change. The possibility of the problems may be from technical to managerial. MYSAP is one such application from SAP which is designed in overcoming the above mentioned drawbacks. It is also compactable to all functions in an organization. It also helps in better performance and better integration. The main advantages of a MYSAP application are It is Transparent and flexible application- This can be easily accessed by any staff in the organization, from the top management to the technicians. Arguably this system boosts the morale of the employees and results in better performance. A complete understandable solution- This system includes almost all part of the organization like reengineering, organizational dynamic etc. This in turn makes the job of the vendor easier. Helps to achieve good governance- MYSAP ERP provides the necessary inducement thus helping the organization in good governance. It also provides some special applications that help the management to keep track of the functions performed and also monitor the financial transactions. It also helps the organization to take quick and effective decisions. It also helps in cost reduction Reduction of risks. It also felicitates good overall business transformation. SAP-A Boost to Dabur India A study conducted by Accenture states that high performance business invest in the state of art IT like ERP software are the most important in order to be able to leverage it for strategic cost management and effective collaborations with the customers. Dabur has linked its corporate headquarters, 12 manufacturing units and 30 distribution centers with SAP ERP system. They had a three phase ERP improvement model- Correcting the transactional and management information systems. Conducting change management and synchronizing its business processes with reliaties in an ERP context. Developing value realization project. The use of SAP ERP system was immense such that they even developed a web based demand planning and trade promotion forecasting tools and installed point of sale software at select retail outputs. This helped Dabur to integrate with the customers into its IT network and gather real time market information that would result in better sales. Dabur has been immensely successful in implementing strategic and operational changes which have led to much higher amount of performance. The shoot up of their annual sales was noteworthy. Their profits too increased by a considerable amount. It even developed a new sales force structure which has enhanced productivity. These initiatives are slowly allowing Dabur to leverage IT as a strategic asset and are ensuring a constant availability of IT talent regardless of business demands. It is to be noted that all of these efforts are aimed at achieving operational excellence and performance. SAP has helped Dabur in identifying opportunities based on consumer needs, tailoring product for that people and expanding with the segment, retaining its overall leadership position. Dabur India has tied up with Countrys leading IT provider Accenture, both these companies are designing an application outsourcing approach thus transforming application development and maintenance to help themselves to achieve performance. Conclusion By implementing a SAP ERP system, Dabur India has helped itself in retaining the position as a growing leader in the fast moving consumer goods section (FMCG). Its move to disable the baan and Mfg ERP was seen as a highly innovative move. This has also enabled them for better sales forecasting and improvement in their sales after the implementation of SAP raised several eye brows. The move to make this system available for all the employees starting from the top management to the bottom strata has what made Dabur distinguish itself from the other companies in the FMCG sector. With the implementation of MYSAP, Dabur has been able to make some very important strategic decisions and thus increasing its productivity. As mentioned above, implementation of ERP has helped Dabur to increase its productivity; it means that there is obvious, rise in profitability too as both is directly proportional. One may say that the ultimate strength of Dabur is they are keeping themselves with latest happenings across the IT field. They even plan to integrate distributors and stake holders using SAP. The most challenging part from Dabur would be link HR with SAP. They are planning to implement a SAP HR and pay roll pattern. All the above mentioned initiatives would enable Dabur grow even bigger as what it is now and become a global leader in the FMCG sector.
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
cuban missile crisis :: essays papers
cuban missile crisis "Nuclear catastrophe was hanging by a thread ... and we weren't counting days or hours, but minutes."Soviet General and Army Chief of Operations, Anatoly Gribkov The closest the World has ever been to nuclear war was with The Cuban Missile Crisis. The lives of millions lay in the ability of President John F. Kennedy and Premier Nikita Khrushchev to reach an agreement. The crisis began when the United States discovered that just ninety miles from the coast of Florida, the Soviet Union had set up nuclear missiles. On October 22, Kennedy announced the discovery of the missile installations to the public and his decision of the naval quarantine around the island. He also announced that any nuclear missile launched from Cuba would be regarded as an attack on the United States by the Soviet Union and demanded that the Soviets remove all of the missiles from Cuba. For thirteen days the two major superpowers of the world were on the verge of a nuclear war. The events leading up to the missile crisis as explained by Dinerstein were the long years of Cold War hostility and the revolutions occurring in countries of Latin America. The Soviet Union’s fear of losing the race in the weapons department and Cuba’s fear of an invasion by the United States sparked those thirteen stress filled days. In 1960 the United States imposed an embargo that cut off trade between the United States and Cuba because it was afraid that Castro would establish a Communist regime. Castro was determined not to give in to the pressure that was put on by the United States and decided to establish closer relations with the Soviet Union. An attempt was made by the United States to disintegrate Castro’s rule with the Bay of Pigs Invasion. The United States was easily defeated by Castro’s army. His victory during the Bay of Pigs Invasion asserted Castro's rule over Cuba. Most Cubans resented the intervention by the United States in Cu ban affairs. This resentment caused Castro’s supporters to increase in large numbers. With a confirmed rule over Cuba, Castro declared the island a Communist nation. Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev made the wrong assumption by thinking that the United States would not take any action when it supplied Cuba with nuclear war heads.
Monday, August 19, 2019
The Perfect Couple in Woman in White Essay -- Wilkie Collins Woman in
The Perfect Couple in Woman in White      In the Woman in White, the author gives the reader many opportunities to find their favorite romantic plot. The reader is left to wonder which characters are well suited for each other. We are given the choices of the gentlemanly Walter and the feminine Laura or Laura and the deceitful Sir Percival. It seems to this reader that the author gave us the answer to the puzzling perfect couple question; only, the perfect couple is really a perfect trio- Walter, Laura, and Marian. Walter did not have to make a choice between the two main female characters because they made it for him. It is obvious that Laura and Marian complete each other. We see that whatever qualities Laura lacks, Marian has, and vice versa. These two women combine to make the perfect woman. Let us first examine Laura. Walter seems to fall in love with Laura at first sight. She is the image of the perfect Victorian woman. She is beautiful, rich, and pliant. She is willing to do whatever it takes to make other people happy. She has a dee...
Sunday, August 18, 2019
Philosophy of Education Essay -- Education Teaching Teachers Careers E
Philosophy of Education In this paper, I wish to discuss my beliefs for education. These beliefs include my philosophy in a general manner, and the reasons why I want to become an educator. In this paper I will also describe what my furture classroom will look like, and how my classroom will be run. I also discuss my views on education reform in conclusion. I have found that my philosophy of education is a combination of two philosophies. They are Idealism and Realism. I also agree with two points in the Existentialism and pragmatism philosophies. L believe that a teacher should know their content very well. This is one of the most important things that I believe that I should do as a classroom teacher. I also believe that the classroom teacher is a model for the students. The students will watch them to see how they live their lives and how they react to situations that may arise in the classroom. I also believe that each child in the world today is a valuable contribution to society. Each child can fulfill any dream they may have, but I also believe that your dreams need to be reasonable. Each child can contribute something to society because the world needs farmers just as much as they need politicians. Another important thing that I believe should be focused on is to encourage students to seek the truth. I fee l that this statement means that a student need to establish their own beliefs on issues, and they also need to be able to back up why they believe what they believe. These beliefs need to be personal. The teacher does not need to focus on their own personal beliefs, but also on beliefs that are opposite of theirs. A teacher needs to focus on the good and bad things on eac... ...ectly. When the results of the reform are used correctly, reform will be effective. As an educator during reform initiatives, I will support the things that will make the education of students more effective. These are my beliefs for education. They include my general philosophy of education, and why I want to become an educator. Also I have described what my classroom will look like. This includes what my seating arrangement will be, and also what the bulletin boards in my classroom will contain. I have also discussed whether my classroom will be authoritarian or nonauthoritarian. I also discuss how I plan to manage the classroom, motivate the students, issue discipline, how I will teach, and how I will lead the students in my classroom. Lastly, I discuss my views on education reform, and whether it is effective or not to the education world.
Saturday, August 17, 2019
Clashes of Race Essay
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore racism and discrimination within America. It was also a goal to show the relationships between racial clashes throughout history, and what the purpose behind the clashes was. By showing these clashes society gets a better understand of what triggers these action within society. Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE In the rather complex world in which society dwells on, society lacks appreciation for the simplicity of the universe. one act or idea can spawn certain events that affect the course of history. To understand history, it is essential for society to look at the causes behind the significance of an event. racial discrimination has spawned social clashes between ethnicities for generations, and it continues to do so. to understand the significance of these events, it is important to analyze the source of these racial clashes throughout history. analyzing the sources of these events provides, if any, patterns of human nature in response to mistreatment due to racial profiling. it is also essential to analyze the basic principles of discrimination within the twenty-first century and what society faces in present day. Before analyzing racial discrimination in the twenty-first century, the importance of understanding the different types of racism is needed. There are two types of discrimination that society faces present day, direct discrimination and indirect discrimination. direct discrimination by definition, is when an individual or group is singled out directly by society or an individual based on there race. indirect discrimination is when an individual is singled out surreptitiously by an individual or group. this is more prevalent within present day culture, compared to direct discrimination. The reason being that racism in the twenty-first century is less acceptable among society. the result of racism is that it is less acceptable within modern day society is racism taking on a more enigmatic face. Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE social clashes that resulted from direct discrimination have been apart of america for decades. prime examples of direct discrimination are famously the wars and massacres enacted on early native americans. The reasons for these attacks on native americans were due to new settlers in america wanting to acquire resources from the natives themselves. The colonist’s believed that the natives way of life was inferior to their own, due to the savageness of their own human nature. This is a prime example of micro-aggression in early american culture. Such events such as the â€Å"trail of tears†and many other attacks on the native american’s way of life was justified due to the idea of manifest destiny, which is a belief that the territory was a divine gift to the american colonist. This resulted in constant conflict between american society and native americans in the twenty-first century. it is important to understand how micro-aggression works and operates in the twenty-first century. With modern society changing into a more diversified culture in the United States, it is important to understand how indirect discrimination works in modern society. Society by nature tends to group themselves within certain micro-cultures, it is important to understand this important dynamic due to its purpose within society. this dynamic by nature forces ethnicities to side with a certain set of social norms and values. (West,2004) examples of how this affects modern day society would best be described by conflict with interracial marriages and racial generalization. Ethnic grouping has been apart of america since the beginning of american society. the colonist settled in america based on their religions and values, in which the colonist Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE had previously in britain. more modern examples of ethnic grouping would be groups, such as the black panther party, naacp are examples of more modern cases of ethnic grouping. (Jablonski,2012) the common feature of today’s society, also well known as mass media, has a huge impact on racial conflictions with the populace of today’s society. One psychological principle says that if an image or idea is shown repetitively that the image or idea will leave an imprint on the mind, later on making the mind recognize the image or ideology as†normalcy†. (Yosso,2002) the mainstream media controls the public agenda, as well as the emotions reflected within society. the mass media needs to recognize the effect in which it has on society, the purpose of the media should be to promote the truth of a matter accurately. This would help balance out racial out lashes between ethnic neighborhood, as well as riots and other ethnic protest. (Vann,2006) in recent times of society, racism in north america has went through a major transformation, especially after the post-civil rights era where the democrats believed in equality for all types of ethnicities that specifically did not get along throughout the history of racism in society(Wamsted,D,2012). This shows the progression of diversity within America. however, even with change in equality the south still shows a higher percentage of direct discrimination as well as indirect discrimination in modern day society than the north. Some examples of the result of discrimination can best be depicted is social out lashes of an ethnic communities. this can be shown through protest, as well as more Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE serious demonstrations such as riots. the causes of these demonstrations can be a number of reasons, but one pattern that is shown throughout history is that most social out lashes resulted due to mistreatment among their race. an example of this would be the los angeles riots of 1992. The riots resulted from six officers found not guilty that were accused of beating a black male, rodney king. the riots lasted for six days, and resulted in thousands of injuries and fifty-three deaths. (Watts,2011) however, not every protest result in death and injury. through the civil rights era many protesters believed in the nonviolent approach of martin luther king jr. most protesters believed in sit-ins, boycotts, and other forms of nonviolent forms of protest. however, the effects of racism and discrimination has not stopped america from diversifying, but rather fueled individualism among minorities within america. A study shows that more minorities are striving for higher education within america. derek bok reported in 2000 in his book The Shape of the River that eighty-six percent of black students who enrolled in twenty-eight selective universities across the nation were apart of the middle-class or upper-middle class. This shows not only an increase in african american on college campus, but also the percentage of success among blacks with a stable financial backing. This trend is important to understand due to the progression of diversity within america. It is prevalent that not only income have increased among african americans, but also the number of blacks going to college compared to college statistics of the 1990s and 1980s. (Harring-Smith,2012) to understand the importance of an action, is in essence the greatest ideology or knowledge to grasp. for every action within society has an effect on history. The Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE importance of diversity within society continues to show progression. however, racism will always have its place within society. Society has to continue to evolve as well as continue to educate the youth in society to limit the grasp that racism has on america, whether the discrimination is indirect or direct. â€Å"we’ve got to face the fact that some people say you fight fire best with fire, but we say you put fire out best with water. we say you don’t fight racism with racism. we’re gonna fight racism with solidarity. †-Fred Hampton Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE References: Haring-Smith, T. (2012). Broadening Our Definition of Diversity. Liberal Education, 98(2), 6. Jablonski, N. (2012). The struggle to overcome racism. New Scientist, 215(2880), 26. Vann, A. (2006, June 29). Sometimes the allegation of â€Å"reverse racism†is camouflage for maintaining the â€Å"status quo†. New York Amsterdam News. p. 13. Wamsted, D. J. (2012). Opening Doors for Diversity. Electric Perspectives, 37(3), 26. Watts. (2011). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 1. West, E. (2004). Expanding the Racial Frontier. Historian, 66(3), 552. doi:10. 1111/j. 1540-6563. 2004. 00088. x Yosso, T. J. (2002). Critical Race Media Literacy: Challenging Deficit Discourse about Chicanas/os. Journal Of Popular Film & Television, 30(1), 52.
Friday, August 16, 2019
Child Safety Essay
Safety is the condition of being protected against physical, social, emotional, financial or other types or consequences of failure, damage, harm or any other event which could be considered un-desirable. To me safety is the most important aspect of any environment because it affects a person mentally and for anyone to show his/her best performance it is necessary that their safety zone is intact. When we think about safety the first thing that comes to mind is protection, shelter, freedom etc. And, this starts from the moment a child is born till he/she is alive. All human beings want a secure and healthy environment which is utterly devoid of hazards and dangers. And, when we talk about children’s safety; it plays a vital role in their upbringing and development in ensuring they are enthusiastic, creative and confident because when they are provided with an environment that is relatively free from danger, risks and threats of harm then they feel relaxed, happy, free to explo re. It is very important to provide safety to the children because sometimes some events, incidents or actions affect children a lot, whereas we adults feel that it will not matter to the child. Talking about myself as a teacher, I would take all the necessary steps to ensure that my learning environment is unhindered. Firstly, I would plan the physical appearance with material and ideas that are age appropriate. This will allow me to attract and inspire my pupils in a positive direction. The class should have a warm environment and the color schemes used should be inviting. Indisputably there will be material and some resources like scissors, glue, sockets, play dough etc. that might be dangerous or harmful to the child, these items though needed in the class should be kept out of reach and when required used under the guidance of the teacher. The furniture and seating arrangement in the class should have smooth edges and preferably be circular in shape. There should be just enough furn iture in accordance with the strength of the class. This will allow safe and free movement for the children in the class space. Physical safety is not only confined to the classroom. When the child is in the school premises every event that takes place is the responsibility of the adult. When the child leaves the classroom, it is important that the adult accompanies him/her to whatever place the child has to go. Be it the play area, the swimming pool, the playground or even the toilet; they should all have proper safety features such as flooring which in case of a toilet should be dry so as to avoid slipping, age appropriate equipment and infrastructure all safely installed with irrelevant material kept out of reach of the children. Another aspect of safety is the social-emotional effect on a child. To foster an emotionally safe classroom it is important for the adult to discuss how each child in the class is as an individual and that everyone is different. The classroom environment can detract from a student’s ability to learn if he/she does not feel safe. A safe environment means that there is respect between the child and the adult and amongst the children themselves. Hence students feel accepted and free to voice their opinions. It is important to teach children class room rules at the beginning of the year and the adult to be consistent in enforcing them. But when talking about rules, they should be realistic and not rigid. If adults overwhelm children with rules for everything, there could then be countless power struggles with children. The adult should speak to the child individually if he/she suspects any problem because when children are corrected in front of their peers they may get demotivated and feel a sense of insecurity. This insecurity can also take place when a child is faced with an obstacle such as bullies. In this case the children have no way of defending themselves. It is very important that the adult makes sure all pupils are comfortable in their learning environment. Discussing with the children about peer press ure and bullying and how it has a negative effect in the classroom by revising child friendly moral stories is a reasonable way out. To develop the children to be socially interactive the adult needs to build bonds by providing opportunities of group play, interaction and discussions. The adult can also train the children to look after each other and the environment of their classroom. This can be in the form of a daily clean-up routine in regards to toys, blocks, art work etc. The classroom can be messy due to different activities of the children which could present a safety hazard to all the children depending on the cleanup. For example: â€Å"If the children have just finished their free play activity, it can be possible that while the children were exploring the different items in front of them some of the toys could have broken or cracked. In this event the children can hurt themselves or hurt each other.†Now, the introduction to a clean-up routine after every activity allows the children under the guidance of the adult to dispose of broken toys or equipment that may cause injury or choking, immediately. This will secure the classroom and prevent any unforeseen event concerning the activity. The child will feel a sense of ownership and accomplishment; it will also develop the ability to work with others in different situations and bring about the pride of teamwork to create a friendlier environment. I feel that, creating a safe learning environment for children is a daunting prospect because children not only need physical safety but also need to feel emotionally and intellectually protected. It is important that the adult should pay attention and be vigilant of the children’s activities. When adults plan lessons and activities for children they should not only keep the academics in mind but also the safety needs that pertain to the lesson. The teacher should explain the children the rules by her actions because children respond faster to what they see rather than what they are simply told. In the end it all comes down to child protection and hence it is important to take care of them to allow for the development of their ideas and enthusiasm to explore their imagination allowing them to grow.
Impact on children in the bilingual education programme
Stung Treng, one of the distant northeasterly states of the Kingdom of Cambodia, is inhabited by different cultural minority groups in add-on to the bulk Khmers, such as â€Å" Brao, Kaveth, Lun, Phnong, Khmer Khe, and Kuy †( Center for Advanced Study, 2009, p. 285 ) . Without schooling, these groups have high hazards of being exploited and exposed to bad behaviours such as drug maltreatment and unprotected sex. With low degrees of literacy they can be more prone to infection by common diseases in their community like malaria and dandy fever febrility, which farther depletes their minimum incomes necessitating outgo on medical specialties and medical expertness. Furthermore, their full potencies to develop themselves every bit good as their community have non been realized due to miss of chances. There are many benefits associated with female parent lingua based bilingual instruction: higher registration rates in formal system ; lower dropout rates ( a common ground for dropout in the early old ages of instruction is linguistic communication ; there are high dropout rates for kids talking a different female parent lingua to the linguistic communication of direction ) ; lower repeat rates, for kids necessitating to reiterate peculiar classs of their schooling ; higher rates of success for misss remaining in instruction ; higher rates of parental and community engagement in kids ‘s instruction ; it can better the relationship between political leaders and a multilingual population ; it leads to greater proficiency and eloquence in national linguistic communication ( and besides so international linguistic communications if these are pursued ) if initial direction is done in female parent longue ; and community engagement in instruction is really of import – affecti ng parents, community and instructors in instruction helps kids learn. Greater engagement is found when initial direction is in the female parent lingua. Over recent old ages the United Nations Children ‘s Fund ( UNICEF ) , in coaction with the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport ( MoEYS ) , has piloted a bilingual instruction programme in Siem Pang territory, Stung Treng state, where most Kaveth cultural group members are concentrated. This has been done in order to supply primary instruction to kids of this group by utilizing a bilingual theoretical account of larning implemented by CARE Cambodia, portion of CARE International, in Rattanakiri state. The programme focused on a minority population in three small towns of Siem Pang territory straight profiting about 225 kids. For confidentiality purposes the small towns will be known as small town K, small town O and small town T. 1.2 Problem Statement The bilingual method of learning adopted in the plan has been the agencies of supplying primary instruction to kids of cultural minorities in this state and its impact has non been studied therefore far, so the research worker has great involvement in researching this. 1.3 Purpose and Significance It is anticipated that the informations collected and analyzed in this survey will be used as a strong foundation to reason for an enlargement of the plan to other minority communities which are presently underserved by the Kampuchean instruction system. This has deductions for an addition in instruction entree for the-hard-to-reach kids of the state ‘s minority groups. The scope of possible impacts include the person ‘s future work chances, their attitudes towards and value for instruction, and the development of positive behaviours towards effectual wellness and hygiene patterns within the minority communities. Hopefully, the research findings will show the positive results and impact of the bilingual instruction programme. It may besides bring out issues or jobs that can be addressed. The positive impact will function as an protagonism message to the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport â€Å" for bilingual instruction to be portion of national instruction policy programs, and the programs must be implemented in pattern with sufficient resources in the signifier of allocated financess, decently trained forces and other necessary resources †( UNESCO, 2005, p. 3 ) . 1.2 Research Questions This research proposal intends to research the inquiry â€Å" What are the self-reported impacts of attending at the bilingual instruction programme on kids, their households and communities? †with the following purposes: To document the impact on take parting pupils of their attendance/involvement in the bilingual instruction programme in Stung Treng ; To document the impact on the households of pupils who attend the bilingual instruction programme in Stung Treng ; and To document the impact on the local communities in which pupils and their households attend bilingual instruction programme in Stung Treng.2. MethodsDiscussed in this subdivision will be the sampling technique, informations aggregation procedures and the method for informations analysis. Ethical issues and the stairss taken to turn to them will besides be considered here. 2.1 Sampling The proposed research will concentrate on the impact of bilingual instruction on the minority communities in Siem Pang territory, Stung Treng state. In each of these communities there is one school supplying bilingual instruction from classs one to three, and this research will utilize a convenience sample to choose one school with ready entree for the research worker. Two pupils from each of the three classs ( n = 6 ) from the selected school will be invited to take part in an interview. A parent of each of the invited pupils will be invited to take part in a focal point group treatment plus two members of the school support commission based on their handiness ( n=8 ) . A list of male and female pupils from the selected school will be sought from the school principal by the research worker. Simple random sampling will be used to choose two pupils from each of the three classs. The research worker will compose each single pupil ‘s name on a separate faux pas of paper, topographic point all the faux pass in a container, agitate the container, and choice faux pass from the container until the coveted figure of participants is selected. This procedure will be repeated by class and gender with misss in one container and male childs in the other in order to hold gender balance. It is of import to hold gender balance in this survey so that every bit representative voices can be heard. An Information Form and an Informed Consent signifier and missive from the school principal developed by the research worker will be sent to parents by the instructor through the selected pupils to seek their parental blessing. If parents of the selected pupils do non O.K. of their kids take parting in this research, the same procedure will be repeated with other pupils of the selected school until the coveted sample has been achieved. There are restrictions deducing from both clip restraints and geographical conditions for carry oning this research, so the sample size will non be big plenty to generalise the results of this survey. This trying attack besides has some restrictions. It can non vouch a good representation of the whole population in the small town or the category, cut downing the generalizability of the consequences. However, the impact of bilingual instruction in this minority community can still be measured through a carefully structured research tool. 2.2 Data aggregation 2.2.1 Interviewing Data will be collected through single interviews with the pupils of each of the three classs who have received parental consent to take part, and with two grownup focal point groups of four each group dwelling of the parents of three pupils and a member of school support commission in each group. Student interviews will be done by class degree, three interviews with the 2 kids from the same class degree. Due to clip restraints, carry oning pair interviews with pupils is a preferred option to the research worker. To cut down the possibility of male childs ruling the interview, the interviewer will deliberately direct the inquiries to girl pupils in an attempt to promote female engagement. The possible grownup participants in focal point group treatments will be provided with an Information Sheet in their ain linguistic communication, explicating the research intent and a Consent Form ( see Appendix A ) . Potential kid participants will be provided with an Information Form and Consent Form in their ain linguistic communication that requires parental every bit good as child consent, in an effort to turn to ethical concerns about questioning kids who are under the legal age of consent. Interviews with pupils will be conducted at their school on Thursday forenoon because Thursday is no-class twenty-four hours whilst focal point group treatments will be conducted in the afternoon of the same twenty-four hours and at the same topographic point. The interviews and concentrate group treatments will be audio-recorded for ulterior written text and analysis The interviews and concentrate groups ( draft inquiries in Appendix E ) will be conducted by the research worker and facilitated by a bilingual instructor, who can talk the local linguistic communication good, to assist smooth the procedure and to avoid any possible misinterpretation during interviews and concentrate group treatments. The instructor will non be the kid ‘s instructor to forestall any concerns of the kid in the event they make a critical remark. An instruction functionary each from the provincial and territory offices will be approached to set up communicating flow between the research worker and survey participants in footings of doing assignments for the interviews and concentrate group treatments. An interview protocol and inquiries will be developed for usage in the interviews and concentrate group treatments ( see Appendix B ) . Students will be asked semi-structured inquiries by the research worker, with interlingual rendition by a bilingual instructor. Possibly examining inquiries will besides be developed to utilize when new subjects come up during interviews and concentrate group treatments. The research worker will discourse the inquiries beforehand with the transcriber to clear up the content and purpose of the inquiries with the purpose of thereby cut downing confusion during the times of questioning and treatment. All interviews and treatments will be audio-recorded so that the procedure can be conducted swimmingly without breaks for note pickings. The recordings will subsequently be transcribed for thorough analysis, and will be translated into English. The recordings, the written texts every bit good as the interlingual renditions will be stored and watchword protected in the research worker ‘s personal computing machine for confidentiality and will be destroyed after the research study has been completed. There are some restrictions to the usage of interviews and concentrate group treatments. Students, their parents and community leaders of the minority group do non hold much exposure to the universe outside their immediate community, and this may take to narrow positions in their responses and treatments and limit the profusion of data/information aggregation. All the research participants are new to interviews and concentrate group treatments, and this may keep them from talking openly and honestly. The usage of a transcriber could besides perplex the procedure and add an unintended confusion to participants. Focus groups can non vouch confidentiality hence single respondents may be restrained in their responses if they believe person in the group might state others about peculiar remarks, particularly any perceived as critical. 2.3 Data analysis The analysis will be done first by transcribing the recorded responses from the interviews and focal point groups. Similar phrases from each transcript are put together under descriptive labels. By making so, informations are pooled and a form or subject will emerge. Give the little figure of participants in both interviews and concentrate group treatments, informations analysis will be done utilizing excel spreadsheet. 2.4 Ethical considerations The true intent of this survey will be obviously explained to all participants in this research and the general benefits deducing from this research for their community will besides be explained in order to derive their full engagement. It will be explained that engagement is voluntary and anon. . By making so the research participants understand they are non compelled to prosecute against their will and may retreat from take parting at any clip. The research worker pays great attending to ethical issues that might be concerned with the survey in footings of coercion and power imposed on the participants. Therefore, the research worker has designed an Information Sheet and Consent Form in the cultural linguistic communication explicating the intent and the procedure of the survey every bit good as their right to decline to take part before the survey can get down. An informal attack to the behavior of the interviews and focal point groups will be pursued in order to set all the participants at easiness and to arouse as rich and varied information as possible.3. Literature Reappraisal3.1 International context Surveies have shown that direction in the female parent lingua is good to achievement in other capable countries and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. In parts where the linguistic communication of the scholar is non the national linguistic communication of the state, bilingual instruction can do female parent lingua direction possible while supplying acquisition of the national linguistic communication at the same clip ( UNCESCO, 2003 ) . International research shows that at least five old ages of direction in the first linguistic communication -but sooner throughout the instruction system – is required to supply a solid foundation for farther surveies. A strong foundation in the female parent lingua is besides needed for 2nd linguistic communication acquisition and successful transportation of the literacy accomplishments from the first to the 2nd linguistic communication ( UNESCO, 2006 ) . Teaching basic accomplishments to hapless kids through linguistic communication submergence may be damaging, but bilingual instruction is a much more effectual option. Students in the United States of America having direction in a native linguistic communication and English at different times of the twenty-four hours were found to do the most dramatic additions in reading public presentation compared to their English-only equals. This research is pertinent to multilingual low-income states ( World Bank, 2006 ) . The figure of old ages of direction in the first linguistic communication is the most of import forecaster of reading public presentation in a 2nd linguistic communication. It is non of import what the first linguistic communication is, but instead how much cognitive and academic development the pupil has experienced in it. The higher the pupils ‘ accomplishment in the primary linguistic communication, the faster they will come on in the 2nd linguistic communication ( World Bank, 2006 ) . 3.2 Kampuchean context The footings â€Å" cultural minorities, †â€Å" autochthonal peoples, †â€Å" hill folks †and â€Å" Highlanders †are non synonymous. They are used interchangeably to depict the population groups who reside in remote, difficult-to-access countries within Cambodia. They make a life largely by subsistence agriculture and from forest merchandises, and do non talk Khmer, the national linguistic communication, as a female parent lingua ( UNCESCO, 2005 ) . With the publicity of Education For All ( EFA ) , the Royal Government of Cambodia ( RGC ) is cognizant of the demand to do instruction accessible to all. The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport is get downing to acknowledge that bilingual instruction may be an effectual manner of run intoing the educational demands of Cambodia ‘s cultural minorities while enabling them to take part more to the full in Khmer society ( UNESCO, 2007 ) . To accomplish Education For All in minority communities, particular schemes such as bilingual instruction can be used ( UNESCO, 2006 ) . Bilingual instruction encompasses more than the female parent lingua as the linguistic communication of direction. Curriculum, stuffs, instructors and, learner-centered methodological analysiss are all elements of the educational procedure related to the autochthonal people ‘s civilization in a wide sense. Furthermore the attack has promoted the acceptance of inclusive instruction with scholars from upland autochthonal groups have long been marginalized and deprived of any chance for formal instruction ( UNCESCO, 2005 ) . Cultural minority communities have maintained their cultural, lingual and traditional differences through their farness from the bulk cultural communities. Given this farness, there has non been the chance to back up substructure and the development and/or renovation of school edifices, conveyance and administrative substructure that instruction may necessitate ( UNCESCO, 2005 ) . This compounds the disadvantage of the minority groups even further. There have been few educational chances for autochthonal peoples and, accordingly, there are few trained forces who are fluid in cultural minority linguistic communications and Khmer. As Khmer is non the first linguistic communication of the different upland groups, kids are placed at a disadvantage when it is used as the lone linguistic communication of direction ( UNESCO, 2005 ) .Find some figures that describe the engagement rates of cultural minority groups in higher instruction in Cambodia – it will beef up this point every bit good as the Significance of the research Given that there have been few undertakings that catered to the specific educational demands of cultural minorities, there is besides a deficiency of stuffs that are culturally relevant or readily adaptable for usage in footings of linguistic communication and content ( UNESCO, 2005 ) . Indeed, small town support for schooling has been missing, most likely due to the fact that formal school services did non run into the demands of the community, and conflicted with socio-cultural norms in upland small towns. Besides, learning methodological analysis and inflexible time-tabling were non suited. Curriculum and stuff developed for the cultural minorities needs to be appropriate to accommodate the demands of the autochthonal communities. If an instruction undertaking is non based on existent, identified demands in the targeted communities, the scholars will hold it inappropriate and non utile for their demands ( UNESCO, 2005 ) with subsequent low engagement and success rates. Education for misss faces particularly tough obstructions within Cambodia and can be observed frequently in the signifier of negative attitudes – by parents, instructors and community members. Discrimination is apparent in societal norms, linguistic communication, and submissive stereotypes. Socio-cultural influences work against misss ‘ entree to instruction in the signifier of early matrimonies, a heavy domestic work load and low educational outlooks ( UNESCO, 2005 ) . This is particularly true in a traditional society like Cambodia, in which miss ‘ instruction is less valued than male childs ‘ and misss are confined to household jobs, allow entirely misss from the state ‘s minority groups.
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