Hematology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hematology - Research Paper Example s paleness This is an obsessive condition related with a reduction in the quantity of erythrocytes because of the deficiency of nutrient B12, which thus brings about the decreased creation of erythrocytes. How do malabsorptive disarranges add to the advancement of anemias-Malabsorption issue are likewise associated with the pathogenesis of weakness because of lessening or broken creation of red platelets. A model is Iron inadequacy sickliness, whereby disturbance of retention in the duodenum may prompt a lessening in hemoglobin creation as this mineral is vital for this method. This thusly will bring about diminished Hb levels and iron deficiency. Abosorbtive clutters may likewise disturb the take-up of folate and nutrient B12 which are both vital for erythropoiesis. What is â€Å"anemia of interminable disease†-Anemia of incessant sickness alludes to any drawn out ailment prompting provocative, harmful or irresistible procedures that decrease both erythropoietin and Iron levels. Furthermore these ailments lessen the life expectancy of erythrocytes. Instances of such pathologies incorporate extreme injury, rheumatoid joint pain, diabetes mellitus and coronary illness. What are a portion of the lab tests used to assess sickliness of interminable malady Lab tests used to assess paleness of ceaseless infection incorporate Iron board, serum folic corrosive and nutrient B12, serum AST and ALT, levels of TSH, electrophoretic investigations of pee and serum and serum levels of metals, for example, arsenic and lead. 1. Iron inadequacy pallor This is paleness because of flawed or diminished erythropiesis. The body has deficient Iron, consequently can't blend hemoglobin. This paleness is regularly normocytic or microcytic and is additionally hypochromic. Side effects incorporate paleness, exhaustion, misfortune craving, crabbiness. 2. B-12 insufficiency This prompts megaloblastic paleness. Also, is frequently connected with loss of gastric cells not at all like Iron lack which includes issue of the duodenum. This kind of paleness is macrocytic. The principle recognizing indication of

Free sample - The iPhone 5. translation missing

The iPhone 5. The iPhone 5The after definition is planned for giving basic data to all the individuals who are keen on this new bit of innovation the iPhone 5. The focused on crowd is made out of individuals from assorted proficient, instructive, and social foundations. This archive will be given to all the advertisers, PDA vendors, and agent of call administration organizations who will go to the forthcoming Accessible Cell Phone Seminar. Each one of the individuals who will go to will get both delicate and printed versions of this report for their clients’ reference. The point of this report is to spread data about the iPhone 5, its history, ease of use, works, and recognize the iphone from different telephones. This archive has utilized simple language and a straightforward arrangement for better comprehension for each one of the individuals who expect to purchase the device. A very much represented photo will show the crowd how the telephone looks like and its capacities. The implications of explicit words like IOS will be explained by incidental definitions. The crowd would have a ton of enthusiasm for the telephone since it is the best in class mechanical advancement ever. The data is introduced in a general way since they might not have had earlier presentation to the contraption. What is an iPhone 5? This Smartphone has both mixed media gadgets and web. It was formulated and is as of now being promoted by the American Multinational Corporation, Apple Inc. This organization is the producer of PCs like the Macintosh, ipad, program, and customer gadgets. This telephone is accessible in either a dark or a white shading. It utilizes GSM OR Edge innovation. It has a screen that is delicate to single or numerous contacts prominently known as contact screen. This screen is comprised of glass that is impervious to scratch and measures 9 cm. Its back is metallic for defensive purposes, and it serves as a recieving wire. The iphone has five catches, two for volume guideline, and the rest control calls. Both speaker and mouthpiece are situated at the base of the telephone. It has inbuilt Bluetooth innovation that guides the working of remote earphones and earpieces. The telephone has an inside found battery-powered battery. Moreover, the iphone has a charger; on the other hand, it tends to b e charged by a computer’s USB link. Different frill that the iphone has are a camera, a capacity SIM card, and memory card that can stockpile to 16 to 32 GB of information. A photograph showing the Touch Screen of the iPhone History of the Iphone Macintosh Inc’s Chief Executive Officer, Steve Jobs, built up the iphone. Macintosh engineers were guided by Jobs to research contact screens. Apple Inc built up the first iphone with a touch screen, in association with ATT Mobility. The first iphone was propelled in broad daylight on January 9, 2007 at Macworld. In 2008, Apple discharged the iphone 3GS and this were made accessible in excess of eighty nations with in excess of 100 client dialects. The most recent discharge is the iPhone 5. Ease of use of the iphone Iphone has a solitary key, the home key. In this manner, practically all connections between the client and the telephone are led through the screen. In any case, the iphone screen doesn't continue the utilization of a pointer. Rather, the client utilizes a finger or two to lead all communications with the iphone. Finger taps actuate most of the controls with the UI (User Interface). Nonetheless, there are circumstances that call for further developed highlights. Swipes and the related signals, for example, flicking and hauling are utilized for looking through different records on the iphone. For example, if the iphone use hauls a finger on any scrollable rundown on the telephone, it results to the rundown following the finger naturally. Furthermore, if the iphone client flicks a rundown thing all over, the screen looks toward the finger under its own order. The screen looks at a lessening speed and in the long run stops all alone as though it is battling against some type of erosion. The client of the iphone can view such things as website pages and photographs on the off chance that they scroll controls likewise. The iphone has extra propelled highlights; the client can utilize his/her finger to look over the screen of the iphone toward any path. The photograph watcher likewise uses flick type finger motions to look around different photographs. Nonetheless, there are scarcely any pieces of the iphone that involve the client sliding on an on-screen control with a finger. The most widely recognized exercises that are worked along these lines incorporate opening the iphone and turning off. The client moves the on-screen slider from the left of the screen to one side along the on-screen track with a finger. This procedure finishes the undertaking. This component was created to maintain a strategic distance from the iphone from undertaking these exercises coincidentally. Ease of use of the iphone The iphone has developed quick in prominence as more individuals are searching for telephones with numerous capacities. The iphone offers a blend of highlights, for example, an advanced camera, cell phone, a computerized music player, and GPRS usefulness. The iphone is equipped for performing five significant capacities: 1. a light element, which permits the client to explore through the dim or discover lost things. 2. Geotagging, this uncommon component, permits clients to find photographs that have been lost in the iphone. The tag gives the area of the photograph. 3. Google road see, this component permits the client to explore through the area through a guide that is situated on the telephone. 4. Slideshow, this element permits a simple perspective on photographs. 5. Voice order, this element permits the client to embrace look on Google. The component permits the iphone to change over voice into content. What makes iphone exceptional? This telephone has very amazing dampness sensors that are presented to the earth. These sensors appear if the telephone has been influenced by water. Sensors of customary telephones are situated inside the telephone. The client can't supplant the inside charged battery. This is its principle weakness yet Apple replaces any defective battery without charging any expense. Its memory card can store a lot of information as opposed to the common telephones. This telephone has two cameras not at all like the normal telephones that have one. The camera can unmistakably select pictures in conditions with low light. Dangers related with its utilization Like some other telephone, the iPhone 5 emanates innocuous radiation. Notwithstanding, there is no information indicating that this radiation causes malignant growth. In any case, it one ought to abstain from utilizing the telephone while driving or working apparatus since mishaps will undoubtedly happen. Incidental terms and their characterized implications SIM card-Subscriber Identity Module, this gadget distinguishes the supporter in gadgets like telephones and PCs. USB-Universal Serial Bus, this component of the iphone was intended for use in speaking with two gadgets like a mouse and the host controller or PC. GSM-Global System, this component is utilized for Mobile Communication. IOS represents iPhone working framework.

Social Issues Topic - Writing Your Own For A Good Cause

Social Issues Topic - Writing Your Own For A Good CauseIt is often difficult to find a good social issues topic that is appropriate for your school or organization. If you have a particular idea of what you would like to talk about, you may want to consider creating a topic yourself. Here are some things to think about when you are creating your topic.Think about the tone of your social issues topic. It is important to find something that reflects your organization or school. No matter how serious or entertaining you think your topic might be, make sure that it will be acceptable and non-offensive to your audience.Write down the problems that you are trying to address. Sometimes you will need to organize events or teach your students how to do something. You will need some kind of problem to solve. Try to create the most common problem that people face today.Other times, you will need to give away something for free or organize a community service project. This is another way to help kids understand their roles in society. You can create this as a topic too.Think about how you will let your students know that you will be giving the gift. You can make the gift available through email, an internet auction or at the door. You can also offer a bulk delivery option.After you have the concept for your topic, you can begin contacting local businesses and community organizations to see if they would be interested in working with you. This will help them understand your needs and goals. You may be able to work out a deal that works well for everyone involved.Remember that when you have a child's ideas on what to do, you may be surprised by how quickly the process will go. As aparent, it can be difficult to know what is appropriate. However, being part of a group is always a great idea.Whatever social issues topic you choose to work on, keep in mind that it should be geared towards the goals of your organization or school. You will also want to be sensitive to the feelin gs of the people that you are working with.

Literary Perspectives - 1379 Words

English september 8, 2009 Literary Perspectives The following information was excerpted from The Bedford Introduction to Literature, 8th edition, 2079–2098 Formalist critics are primarily concerned with the language, structure, and tone of a work, otherwise known, as it’s â€Å"formal elements†. Formalists gravitate towards â€Å"intrinsic† matters in a piece of literature, in simpler terms, diction, irony, paradox, metaphor, and symbol. In a similar fashion, they emphasize larger elements, for instance, plot, characterization, and narrative technique, in order to derive meaning from a literary work. The work must stand by itself, and any information that goes beyond the text, for example, biography, history, politics, and†¦show more content†¦A historical approach to literature emphasizes the link between the historic context of a work and a modern reader’s understanding and interpretation of the work. The 1960’s saw the development of â€Å"New Historicism† which places the text firmly in the period in which it was written, and examines that period from a political, economic, soci al, and aesthetic standpoint. For example, a new historicist might examine Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† within the context of prevailing attitudes toward women at the time, as well as medical diagnoses of â€Å"nervousness† and â€Å"hysteria† as common, for women of that era, who led lives considered overly independent by their contemporaries. The doctors who diagnose Mrs. Mallard’s death as having been caused by â€Å"the joy that kills† are not delusional or ignorant; they represent a contrasting set of values that are historic and very much steeped in reality. New historicists therefore sensitize us to the fact that the history on which we choose to concentrate is tainted by our examination of it from our own present â€Å"truth†; This reconstruction of the past undeniably affects the meaning we derive from a literary work. Mythological critics may specialize in history, classical literature, psychology, cultural history, and classical literature, but the chief emphasis is on the assumptions and values of various cultures. Mythological readings represent the broadest approachShow MoreRelatedPerspectives Effecting Personal Beliefs630 Words   |  3 PagesPerspectives Effecting Personal Beliefs Consider how the effect of a new perspective has been reflected and developed in a literary text or texts you have studied. Discuss the ideas developed by the text creator about the effect an individual’s perspective has on personal beliefs. Each and every individual develops some sort of perspective and opinion on many different subjects, objects, and people throughout life. However, these perspectives are prone to change. The play, A Streetcar NamedRead MoreLiterary Criticism Of Literature And Literature873 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature has no set definition, mainly because throughout history writers, as well as literary historians have failed to construct an agreeable definition (Bressler 12). When one thinks of literature, he or she should think of literary criticism—different critical perspectives. Literary criticism requires readers to analyze literary texts with knowledge of theories. Thus, the next time one reads a text, he or she should first identify the theory that he or she plans to use. The theories representRead MoreSylvia Plath ´s Three Stages1081 Words   |  4 Pagesdissatisfaction, depression and death. Sylvia Plath place the climax of this poem as the third stanza. From there, the stag es decrease, until it reaches morning. In this presentation I will be giving my perspective of the poem according to its’ stage and also analysing how Sylvia Plath used literary devices. The first stage of my night is dissatisfaction. During this period, I considered my surroundings as dissatisfying. This can be seen in the quote, â€Å"The night is only a sort of carbon paper, BlueblackRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Hunters On The Snow By Tobias Wolff1438 Words   |  6 Pageseventually come to an end, and that is true for both literary and commercial fiction. In literature, there are three types of endings an author can provide within their writings: a happy end with the protagonist’s conflict resolved, an indeterminate end where the resolution is inconclusive or undefined, or an unhappy end where the conflict is not resolved at all. These three types of endings can be found in both types of fictions, with literary fiction characteristically possessing unhappy endingsRead MoreI’m Going! A Comedy in One Act by Tristan Bernard862 Words   |  3 PagesAnother reason for the interest in â€Å"I’m Going! A Comedy in One Act† simply lies o n the foundation of comedy; it was quite hilarious from my perspective. Since we have been asked to analyze one of the literary works from this week’s readings, in which, for the purpose of this paper, the play, â€Å"I’m Going! A Comedy in One Act† was chosen. Consequently, â€Å"the task in literary criticism requires you to move beyond your personal feelings and examine the work itself in order to discover its significance† (ClugstonRead MoreTheme Of A Letter To A Father812 Words   |  4 Pagesabout showing the perspective of a child who had a father who was absent from their life. In addition, it’s about how a father’s absence can affect a person’s life. One literary device that helps describe the theme are the similes presented in the first stanza. Another device that supports the theme is the rhymes shown in the third stanza. Lastly, the mood presented in this poem helps show the persons emotions. Throughout this poem, the literary devices help express both the perspective and effects ofRead MoreThe Universal Truths on the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Hebrew Bible596 Words   |  3 Pagesof the greatest literary works of ancient literature. The universal truths on The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Hebrew Bible, are most fundamental when viewed from both the contemporary and traditional audiences. Fund amentally, both audiences develop their own universal truths during the time in which the events transpired or by reading the scenic events from an anthology or other literary works. Most importantly, both literary works have sought the attention of their perspective audiences by theirRead MoreHeros Journey Archetype1451 Words   |  6 Pagescharacterizations; however, they all follow the basic structure of the Hero’s journey archetype. There are many similarities and differences between the stages that are shown through many context clues and literary devices in each work. The Hero’s Journey archetype expressed in these literary works follow a similar and direct narrative pattern. The Hero’s journey archetype is expressed in three separate and chronological stages in the 17 stages of Joseph Campbell’s Monomyth. The Separation stageRead MoreAnalysis Of The Last Man By Thomas Campbell Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pagescorrelated with society’s latest demands. Campbell’s rendition to literature’s post-apocalyptic scene within the poem â€Å"The Last Man† was accessible following its publication date in 1823; only shortly after the initial transitioning stages of a drastic literary movement. The emergence of the Revolutionary era involved diverse opinions among its writers and produced literature with a basis that consistently promoted change. As such, Nature was deemed to be an escape from society’s hectic life. At the timeRead MoreRichard Wilbur s Boy At The Window834 Words   |  4 Pagescould not understand before going into the war. In the poem, â€Å"Boy at the Window†, by Richard Wilbur, he shows a c entral idea of misunderstanding which shows the theme of as one grows older they will start to understand the world more by the context, literary devices, and mood in the poem. In the poem, â€Å"Boy at the Window†, the first way that the theme of as one grows older they will start to understand the world more is shown in the context of the poem. An example of how the context of the poem helped

Small Business in the United States

It is a common misconception that the U.S. economy is dominated by huge corporations when in fact roughly 99 percent of all independent enterprises in the country employ fewer than 500 people, meaning small businesses technically dominate the market in the United States, accounting for 52 percent of all workers according to the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA). According to the United States Department of State, some 19.6 million Americans work for companies employing fewer than 20 workers, 18.4 million work for firms employing between 20 and 99 workers, and 14.6 million work for firms with 100 to 499 workers; by contrast, 47.7 million Americans work for firms with 500 or more employees. Customers Appreciate the Interactivity and Accountability Of the many reasons small businesses traditionally do so well in the United States economy is their readiness to respond to changing economic climates and situations, wherein customers appreciate the interactivity and accountability of small businesses to their local community wants and needs. Similarly, building a small business has always been a backbone of the American dream, so it stands to reason a lot of small businesses were created in this pursuit. By the Numbers With just over half of the American workforce employed by small businesses — those with under 500 employees, small businesses produced over three-fourths of the economys new jobs between 1990 and 1995, which was even larger than their contribution to employment growth than in the 1980s, though slightly less than 2010 to 2016. Small businesses, in general, provide an easier entry point into the economy, especially for those facing a disadvantage in the workforce like minorities and women — in fact, women participate perhaps the most heavily in the small business market, where the number of female-owned businesses rose 89 percent to 8.1 million between 1987 and 1997, reaching over 35 percent of all sole proprietorships by the year 2000.​ The SBA specifically seeks to support programs for minorities, especially African, Asian, and Hispanic Americans, and according to the Department of State, in addition, the agency sponsors a program in which retired entrepreneurs offer management assistance for new or faltering businesses. Small Business Advantages Over Corporations One of the greatest strengths of the small business is its ability to quickly respond to economic pressures and local community needs, and because many employers and owners of small businesses interact with their employees and are active members of their local communities, company policy is able to reflect something much closer to the local ethos than a major corporation that comes into a small town. Innovation Is Prevalent   Innovation is also prevalent amongst those working in small businesses compared to major corporations, though some of the tech industrys biggest corporations started out as tinker projects and sole proprietorships, including Microsoft, Federal Express, Nike, America OnLine and even Ben Jerrys ice cream. This doesnt mean that small businesses cant fail, but even the failures of small businesses are considered valuable lessons for entrepreneurs. According to the United States Department of State, Failures demonstrate how market forces work to foster greater efficiency.

Analysis Of Langston Hughes And His Harlem Dream - 1639 Words

Langston Hughes and His Harlem Dream The 1900s found many African Americans migrating from the south to north of the United States in an event called the Great Migration. Many Southern African-Americans migrated to a place called Harlem and this is where the Harlem renaissance originated from. The Harlem renaissance began just after the first world war and lasted into the early years of the great depression. Harlem became the cynosure for blues and jazz and birthed forth a Negro Artist era called the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance brought about uniqueness and the celebration of individuality and ethnic pride among African Americans; everything was modern and fresh. The jazz, the visual arts, and color pop while fashion and literature took a cultural twirl towards revolutionary change. This was a period of unprecedented artistic and intellectual achievement among black Americans (enotes.com). This explosion of art and literature led to the birth of African American consciousness. Roughly about 1918 to the mi d-1930s, talent began bursting within this newfound culture of the black community in Harlem, as prominent figures— Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Bessie and Billie Holiday, to name a few—pushed art to its limit as a form of expression and representation. These are some of the famous African Americans who shaped the influential movement known as the Harlem Renaissance. One among all made a significant change that can and never will be forgotten, and that isShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis of Langston Hughess A Dream Deferred1028 Words   |  4 Pagescirculated, analysis of the poem must take place. It unveils and discusses the themes, figures of speech, word placement, and flow of the piece, and A Dream Deferred, is no exception. In Langston Hughess poem, A Dream Deferred, the theme is that no really knows to dreams if they are not reached, and very realistic figures of speech help convey this idea; the poem can be surprisingly related to Mr. Hughess life through t he subtitle and quotes from Langston himself. The meaning of, A Dream DeferredRead MoreLangston Hughes : A Modernist1222 Words   |  5 Pages2017 Langston Hughes: A Modernist Credited as being the most recognizable figure of the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes played a vital role in the Modernist literary movement and the movement to revitalize African American culture in the early 20th century. Hughes’s poems reflect his personal struggle and the collective struggle of African Americans during this cultural revival. Langston Hughes’s life contained key influences on his work. As a child, Hughes witnessed a divorce between his parentsRead MoreReoccurring Themes in the Work of Langston Hughes Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesLangston Hughes is an extremely successful and well known black writer who emerged from the Harlem Renaissance (â€Å"Langston Hughes† 792). He is recognized for his poetry and like many other writers from the Harlem Renaissance, lived most of his life outside of Harlem (â€Å"Langston Hughes† 792). His personal experiences and opinions inspire his writing intricately. Unlike other writers of his time, Hughes expresses his discontent with black oppression and focuses on the hardships of his people. Hughes’Read MoreHarlem: a Dream Deferred1043 Words   |  5 PagesHarlem: A Dream Deferred Langston Hughes Literally Analysis Dreams are aspirations that we hope to reach on our lifetime. They are the day that gives us the drive to live our lives and accomplish our goals. When reaching our goals, we will do anything to get to our destination. But what happens when your dreams deferred and put on hold due to unseen circumstances? Or what do you so when someone tells you that you can not so the things you want to so because of the pigmentation of your skinRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Harlem 1303 Words   |  6 PagesJames Mercer Langston Hughes was an American poet; a Joplin, Missouri native and an active, versatile writer, earning acclaim as a poet, novelist, playwright and columnist. He was one of the first poets to explore an innovative sing-songy, stylized delivery called jazz poetry. As an African-American, his point of view, collectively synergized with this then-new literary art, catapulted his writings between the 1930s - 1960s. He is often credited as the leader of the Harlem Renaissance, and â€Å"famouslyRead MoreAnalysis of Harlem by Langston Hughes602 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Harlem by Langston Hughes Through the turbulent decades of the 1920s through the 1960s many of the black Americans went through difficult hardships and found comfort only in dreaming. Those especially who lived in the ghettos of Harlem would dream about a better place for them, their families, and their futures. Langston Hughes discusses dreams and what they could do in one of his poems, Harlem. Hughes poem begins: What happens to a dream deferred... Hughes is askingRead MoreLangston Hughes ´ Memories in His Poems Essay834 Words   |  4 Pagescontributor to the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes was an inspirational poet who highlighted many aspects of the urban life of African-Americans through reflections of his own life and experiences. As a writer, a poet and a prominent activist of the civil rights movement, Langston Hughes was a man that was not only inspired by the world around him but used such inspiration to motivate others. Being that he was also one of the most influential writers during the Harlem Renaissance, Hughes held poetryRead MoreAnalysis Of The Literary Work Let America Be America Again By Langston Hughes1324 Words   |  6 PagesProf.: Tara Lesko English 102 Historical analysis of the literary work â€Å"Let America be America Again† by Langston Hughes Man has always been interested in analyzing issues in the history of the world. People tend to appreciate it when grand historical events are described in works of literature. Consequently, writers and poets, try to capture every single step of societal and personal experiences in their works. One of such writers is Langston Hughes whose poem â€Å"Let America be America Again†Read MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s Poem I, Too978 Words   |  4 Pages Langston Hughes America, the ideals of freedom, equality, and opportunity traditionally held to be available to every American. This is what everyone was told, what the Declaration of Independence states. But, Langston Hughes a black American poet in the Harlem Renaissance period saw the truth. Being an African American in the United States during the early 1900’s was difficult. Many lived a life full of hardships; segregation, prejudice and economic hardships, viewed as second-class citizensRead MoreThe Poetry Of Langston Hughes1498 Words   |  6 Pagescan be applied to the famous poet Langston Hughes, whom by expressing his feelings of oppression in a racist environment, motivated many blacks to learn how to read, play music, and revolutionize civil rights. As a result, this paper will critique how Langston Hughes’ works of Harlem and I Too encouraged Black independence, and how they were used as frameworks for revolutionary concepts such as the achievement of civil rights and so cial equality. Langston Hughes was an African American poet in the

Waste Management System

Question: Discuss about theWaste Management System. Answer: Introduction The objective of this paper is to develop a proper understanding of organizational structure and management practices of projects, which influence on how environmental issues are managed in a construction management. The actions and procedures, which are required to control waste from its inception to its final disposal, are known as the overall process of a waste management system (Guerrero et al. 2013). The overall process of a proper waste management system includes collection, transportation, treatment and proper disposal of waste by with a proper monitoring system. In order to evaluate this particular point, the roles of the construction manager have a significant impact while solving different kinds of key environmental issues. There are certain limitation which need to analyze in an effective manner in order to evaluate the roles and responsibilities of the construction manager towards the process of proper waste management system. Although there are opposing arguments, constr uction managers should develop a proper waste management system by improving the way of waste control, transporting waste a lawful place to avoid fines and penalties and recycling. The role of the construction manager should manage the overall waste management system by controlling the waste with a proper way, which includes recycle, recover and proper waste management as well as disposal system (Laurent et al. 2014). Some of the key attributes which majorities of the construction managers follows is to maintain a proper project management system, planning, price management, and point in time management, excellence management, and safety management. On the other hand, it is equally important for the managers to follow a proper waste management procedure with will evaluate all the major activities. For example, United States is the only country, which is responsible for producing nearly 220 million tons wastes every year. The number emphasis the maximum amounts of waste produce by a country every year. However, it one of the worlds pollution free country, because of the fact that the government and the environmental association have invested a lot of funds with the view of developing numerous methods of a proper waste management system. A proper waste management system concludes the solution, which is a rather complex issue for different industries, which includes the construction issues (Marshall, Rachael and KhosrowFarahbakhsh 2013). Landfill is the most popular methods of waste management used today in the construction industry. This is one of the most hygienic methods of managing wastes in the construction industry. This is a process, which focuses concentration on burying the waste in the land. Different kinds of landfills found in the different corners. This is a procedure, which eliminate odors and dangers of waste before it is been properly disposed (Habib et al.2013). Nevertheless, there are certain drawbacks, with the application of this particular management system, due to lack of space available and strong presence of methane with different landfill gases, which can cause abundant pollution issues. Incineration and Combustion Waste management system is one of the modern applications of a proper waste management system, which will incorporate a special type of waste disposal system, towards converting the solid waste into residue and gaseous products (Puig et al. 2013). In construction industry, the majorities of the waste generated are in the solid form. With the application of these particular methods of waste disposal, the volume of the solid wastes gets reduces to more than 30 percent of the actual size, which decreases the space and reduces the stress of the landfills (Arena and Umberto 2012). It is one of the modern and unique methods, which are used by majorities of the construction managers with an objective to develop a proper solid waste disposal system (White Dranke and Hindle 2012). The overall process of this particular waste management system is known as thermal treatment. The notion of the thermal treatment contributes as one of the most effective parts in the waste management procedures as it mainly deals with the non-recyclable and non-reusable waste in the environment. There are certain challenges in the environment with the view of finding a proper solution for non-recyclable and non-reusable waste. Thermal treatment is the ultimate solution for this particular problem in the environment, in order to maintain the greenery of the surroundings. Recovery and recycling is one of the most effective methods of solid waste management system, which is mainly used in the construction industry. With the use of this particular waste management system, concludes certain economic benefits cost saving and profit maximization, reduced demand for landfill places, better resource management, image enhancement and productivity (Coelho, Andr and Jorge De Brito 2012). If the construction wastes are managed in a proper manner, it will bring a proper aspect of benefits. Recycling is a method, which are used to converting the solid waste products into new products, which will prevent the application and consumptions of fresh raw materials. The ideas behind recycling the construction waste will be benefited in certain manners, which decreases energy practice, decreases level of landfills, decreases air and water contamination, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and defend natural resources for future use (Lu et al. 2012). All the above waste management system contributes as one of the significant parts in the construction industry. It is one of the most important aspects of the construction managers to maintain a proper waste management system, which will reduce different kinds of environmental issues. For example, Sydney is a city, which is continuously growing, constructions happening all the time. Nevertheless, with the application of a proper waste management system it reduces the percentage of pollution and considered as one of the cleanest city around the globe. There are certain rules and regulations developed by the government in order to maintain the cleanliness of the city (Yuan Hongping 2012). Beside that majority of the construction managers transfers the waste to a lawful place, which avoid fines and penalties, as there are some compulsory rules and regulations developed by the local municipality (Puig et al. 2013). Construction managers around the globe need to follow certain rules and r egulations with the view of maintain a pollution free environment. In developed countries like Australia, New Zealand, United States of America and United Kingdom, there are potentially big fines and penalties involved in unlawful waste dumping procedure. If waste illegally dumped, may harm the environment the maximum penalty is around $ 2 million or more. In order to avoid these fine and penalties, majority of the construction managers follows all the basic rules and regulations in a proper manner, towards protecting the environment (Coelho, Andr and Jorge De Brito 2012). There are certain positive aspects towards imposing fines and penalties in the waste management system. It will allow all the construction managers to follow the basic ruled and regulations. However, effective management of waste also requires coordination action of the government, business and professionals groups and activities (Lu et al. 2012). Conclusion Waste cannot be simply thrown anywhere; it needs to be managed in a proper manner. It is important to create awareness among the people that throwing waste could be saved. The objective of the essay is to highlight what are the different kinds of waste management system, adopted by different constructive managers in order to develop a sustainable solid waste management system. Although recycling is one of the key measures which will evaluate a proper waste administration system. Arising excellence of life and high rates of resource expenditure and consumption pattern puts a negative impact on the urban surroundings, which generates wastes far beyond the capacity. Majority of the sites are now grappling with the problems of high volumes of solid waste. On order to find the right solution for the problem, the role of the construction managers contributes one of the most significant aspects in the overall process. However, these problems in the construction sites provided a window of op portunities with the view of findings different kinds of alternative solutions. There is a demand for a proper waste management system. The report is supported with real facts and an example, which concludes what, is necessary steps adopted by the construction managers with the view to find the best alternative solutions for the problems. However, different researches concluded that people are in the favor of using green products. This increases the awareness among the people for developing a green and a pollution free environment. All the specific roles and activities of different construction managers are highlighted in a proper manner and the most significant part is the use of proper waste disposal system by analyzing all the crucial factors of the environment. Reference List Arena, Umberto. "Process and technological aspects of municipal solid waste gasification. A review."Waste management32, no. 4 (2012): 625-639. Coelho, Andr, and Jorge De Brito. "Influence of construction and demolition waste management on the environmental impact of buildings."Waste Management32, no. 3 (2012): 532-541. Guerrero, Lilliana Abarca, Ger Maas, and William Hogland. "Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries."Waste management33, no. 1 (2013): 220-232. Habib, Komal, Jannick H. Schmidt, and Per Christensen. "A historical perspective of global warming potential from municipal solid waste management."Waste management33, no. 9 (2013): 1926-1933. Kelessidis, Alexandros, and Athanasios S. Stasinakis. "Comparative study of the methods used for treatment and final disposal of sewage sludge in European countries."Waste management32, no. 6 (2012): 1186-1195. Laurent, Alexis, IoannisBakas, Julie Clavreul, Anna Bernstad, MoniaNiero, Emmanuel Gentil, Michael Z. Hauschild, and Thomas H. Christensen. "Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systemsPart I: Lessons learned and perspectives."Waste management34, no. 3 (2014): 573-588. Lu, Xiaowei, Beth Jordan, and Nicole D. Berge. "Thermal conversion of municipal solid waste via hydrothermal carbonization: comparison of carbonization products to products from current waste management techniques."Waste management32, no. 7 (2012): 1353-1365. Marshall, Rachael E., and KhosrowFarahbakhsh. "Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing countries."Waste Management33, no. 4 (2013): 988-1003. Puig, Rita, Pere Fullana-i-Palmer, GrauBaquero, Jordi-Roger Riba, and Alba Bala. "A cumulative energy demand indicator (CED), life cycle based, for industrial waste management decision making."Waste management33, no. 12 (2013): 2789-2797. Puig, R., Fullana-i-Palmer, P., Baquero, G., Riba, J.R. and Bala, A., 2013. A cumulative energy demand indicator (CED), life cycle based, for industrial waste management decision making.Waste management,33(12), pp.2789-2797. White, Peter, M. Dranke, and Peter Hindle.Integrated solid waste management: a lifecycle inventory. Springer Science Business Media, 2012. White, P., Dranke, M. and Hindle, P., 2012.Integrated solid waste management: a lifecycle inventory. Springer Science Business Media. Yuan, Hongping, Abdol R. Chini, Yujie Lu, and Liyin Shen. "A dynamic model for assessing the effects of management strategies on the reduction of construction and demolition waste."Waste management32, no. 3 (2012): 521-531.

Balzacs Pessimistic View Of Nineteenth Century Society Essays

Balzac's Pessimistic View of Nineteenth Century Society Le Colonel Chabert exhibits the relationship between strong and weak characters. The degree of strength within a character reflects how well the character survives in society. In society, weak characters often have no identity, profession or rank. Stronger characters have power to succeed from inner confidence, motivation and ambition. Any drastic changes brought to the body or soul by the environment corrupts that person's strength thereby affecting their ability to function properly in society. This comparison of characters gives an understanding of Balzac's pessimistic view of nineteenth century society. A character's strength and energy in the novel determines their survival in society. Colonel Chabert has been known to be a courageous hero in the past, "... je commandais un r?giment de cavalerie ? Eylau. J'ai ?t? beaucoup dans le succ?es de la c?l?bre charge..." Once he returns to Paris after his injury, he loses his identity and becomes the " weak character " of society. This is a rapid decline down the "ladder of success" and Chabert tries desperately to climb back up to the top, where he had been before. At the beginning of the novel, there is a vision of a slow non-energetic man walking progressively up the stairs to lawyer Derville's study which contrasts the boisterous energy of the clerks. Chabert reaches Derville's study and is determined to find the lawyer to help him find justice for his infortunes, "... me suis-je d?termin? ? venir vous trouver. Je vous parlerai de mes malhers plus tard." Chabert demonstrates some energy left in him by his will to retrieve everything that he lost. This energy to gain back his power changes to furious and revengeful energy upon learning what his wife had done, "Les yeux de l'homme ?nergique brillaient rallum?s aux feux du d?sir et de la vengeance." After a period of time, Chabert loses hope and bids farewell forever. He gives up his identity to become an unknown person as he realizes that his strength of character is not enough to keep him alive in this society. He sees himself weakening when seeing his wife and her children as he does not have the heart to break up her family. He tells his wife, "Je ne r?clamerai jamais le nom que j'ai peut-?tre illustr?. Je ne suis plus qu'un pauvre diable nomm? Hyancinthe..." Hence, Chabert becomes a numbered person in an institution, "Je ne suis pas un homme, je suis le num?ro 164,..." Also, he becomes the weakest among everyone in the institution, " En ce moment, le colonel Chabert s'assit au milieu de ses hommes ? faces ?nergiques,... " In contrast, Madame Ferraud represents a woman who has strong innovative traits, starts at the bottom but gradually rises to the top after Chabert had gone. She becomes driven by her passion to enter the upper class and become "Une femme comme il faut". She uses her persuasive and aggressive qualities to satisfy her ambitions. Once at the top, she has the power to survive better than Chabert. At one point, Madame Ferraud is weakened when Derville confronts her for lying about the letter from Chabert. This shows that the characters do not remain in a consistent position and this determines whether or not a character is capable of surviving well or not. The personality and appearance of characters become transformed as a result of changes in the environment. For instance, Chabert appreciates the help he is receiving from Derville. He acknowledges Derville's kind words by saying humbly, "... Voil? le premier mot de politesse que j'entends depuis..." Chabert is surprised that the treatment from Derville surpasses the ten years of rejection by his wife, justice and society. His sufferings have caused him be more kind hearted and more considerate to others. He is willing to live without pleasure, to remain poor and mediocre. This is a startling contrast to his past where he had been an ambitious man. Chabert's strength is decreasing as "Ses souffrances physiques et morales lui avaient d?j? vici? le corps dans quelques-uns des organes les plus importantes." On the other hand, Madame Ferraud's rise to power results in a more persuasive, independent and high spirited woman. This is shown by, "Encore jeune et belle, Madame Ferraud joua le r?le d'une femme ? la mode, et v?cut dans l'atmosph?re de la cour. Riche par elle- m?me, riche par son mari,... elle en partageait la splendeur." In addition, Madame Ferraud "?tait enevelop?e dans un ?l?gant peignoir, les boucles de ses cheveaux... Elle ?tait fra?che et rieuse." Her

50 Questions to Ask Relatives About Family History

50 Questions to Ask Relatives About Family History A great way to uncover clues to your family history or to get great quotes for journaling in a heritage scrapbook is a family interview. By asking the right, open-ended questions, youre sure to collect a wealth of family tales. Use this list of family history interview questions to help you get started, but be sure to personalize the interview with your own questions as well. 50 Questions to Ask Your Relatives What is your full name? Why did your parents select this name for you? Did you have a nickname?When and where were you born?How did your family come to live there?Were there other family members in the area? Who?What was the house (apartment, farm, etc.) like? How many rooms? Bathrooms? Did it have electricity? Indoor plumbing? Telephones?Were there any special items in the house that you remember?What is your earliest childhood memory?Describe the personalities of your family members.What kind of games did you play growing up?What was your favorite toy and why? What was your favorite thing to do for fun (movies, beach, etc.)?Did you have family chores? What were they? Which was your least favorite?Did you receive an allowance? How much? Did you save your money or spend it?What was school like for you as a child? What were your best and worst subjects? Where did you attend grade school? High school? College?What school activities and sports did you participate in?Do you remember any fads from your youth? Popular hairstyles? Clothes? Who were your childhood heroes?What were your favorite songs and music?Did you have any pets? If so, what kind and what were their names?What was your religion growing up? What church, if any, did you attend?Were you ever mentioned in a newspaper?Who were your friends when you were growing up?What world events had the most impact on you while you were growing up? Did any of them personally affect your family?Describe a typical family dinner. Did you all eat together as a family? Who did the cooking? What were your favorite foods?How were holidays (birthdays, Christmas, etc.) celebrated in your family? Did your family have special traditions?How is the world today different from what it was like when you were a child?Who was the oldest relative you remember as a child? What do you remember about them?What do you know about your family surname?Is there a naming tradition in your family, such as always giving the firstborn son the name of his paternal grandfather?What stories have come down to you about your parents? Grandparents? More distant ancestors? Are there any stories about famous or infamous relatives in your family?Have any recipes been passed down to you from family members?Are there any physical characteristics that run in your family?Are there any special heirlooms, photos, bibles or other memorabilia that have been passed down in your family?What was the full name of your spouse? Siblings? Parents?When and how did you meet your spouse? What did you do on dates?What was it like when you proposed (or were proposed to)? Where and when did it happen? How did you feel?Where and when did you get married?What memory stands out the most from your wedding day?How would you describe your spouse? What do (did) you admire most about them?What do you believe is the key to a successful marriage?How did you find out you  were going to be a parent for the first time?Why did you choose your childrens names?What was your proudest moment as a parent?What did your family enjoy doing together?What was your profession and how did you choos e it? If you could have had any other profession what would it have been? Why wasnt it your first choice?Of all the things you learned from your parents, which do you feel was the most valuable?What accomplishments were you most proud of?What is the one thing you most want people to remember about you? While these questions make great conversation starters, the best way to uncover the good stuff is through more of a storytelling session than a QA.

The Twenty-First Century Car Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Twenty-First Century Car - Essay Example However, the problem with such views is not that they overstate the car’s imagery, nor even that they undervalue its function. It rests in the bogus criticisms that the critics make between utility and imagery, reason and want. If cars were adored, and at times flaunted in lavish ways, it was mainly due to the fact that they give actual benefits and enhanced the lives of their owners in greatly prized ways. The liberties that go together with the car were actual liberties. They can merely be grasped if we first make sense of the narrower and more controlled reality from which the car transported us. Some people, especially those living in their own practical worlds, at times laugh at the enjoyment of individuals with their cars. However, it does not give benefit to the goal of environmentalism or healthier urban areas to indicate that large numbers of people can surrender their cars and just use the services of public transportation, and suffer no great loss in individual happ iness and comfort. Physical mobility, the freedom guaranteed by the car to travel anytime, anywhere, may be in the end self-damaging and unhealthy. It may have to be reduced for the sake of our children and the world’s wellbeing. However, it is useless to attempt to inform those who will endure that drawback that it is actually no loss in any way. Hence, if we would like to make sense of people’s love and adoration for their cars we should initiate a sincere and unbiased analysis of how cars have improved and, at the same time, weakened our lives. We should defy the drive to put together a profit and loss account until we have enabled all the points of view that revolve around the car to express their familiarity, and voice out their frustrations and ambitions, their pains and delights. Similar to an interpersonal relationship, our relationship with the car opened out, steadily, from its initial moment of isolated wonder through informal contact, obsession and profound attachment to undervalued acquaintance. At times, unfortunately, the relationship weakened or disintegrated into clashing differences. By emphasizing the imagery of cars some people think that there was something illogical, or too much, in the attachment of people to their cars. This kind of love only seldom pays heed to rationality. Cars are useful items, but they do not interest reason. Since the crisis in oil supply, when cars were viewed as foes of the public, it became usual to see car owners as the fool of car makers and oil firms. By attractive promotional campaign and designs, they had convinced some people that without a car they are insignificant people. People who dislike automobile usually take on a disdainful, sarcastic attitude towards car lovers. They move effortlessly from appraisal of the stylistic exaggerations of some people and the mental overtones of car ads to wide generalizations about self-centeredness of the average car owner. They usually confound the imag ery employed to sell cars, or to heighten the attractiveness of a specific model, with the charm and function of the car itself. Humanity’s history is presented not just in words or speech, but also in objects. Our world is a materialistic one, and a great deal of our lives is filled with the quest for material things. However, every era revels or rejoices the things it creates, and furnishes them with more than physical value. Ancient people created cathedrals; the emergence of the state was actualized in

Collection proposal of african art object Research Paper - 1

Collection proposal of african art object - Research Paper Example The Marshall Cavendish Corporation states that scientists have found it a mystery to explain the tools that were used to curve the construction stones transport and lift them up during construction. Moreover, the technology that is behind the joinery material for the construction work is yet to be discovered by the modern scientist. The construction of the Egyptian pyramids is a mystery that many generations are yet to uncover. Marshall Cavendish Corporation indicates that many have resorted to using various myths in explaining it, with some suggesting that their existed giants that were responsible for the lifting of construction stones.1 The ancient Egyptians had a strong reverence of the dead; they believed that the human soul and body were very special and important for the existence of humanity as well as in life and death. Mummification and burying of the dead in tombs was widely embraced in the ancient Egypt, this was solely done for assisting the dead find their route to the afterword.2 The ancient Egyptians perfected a tradition of filling the tombs with treasures such of gold, silver and other precious stones, tools, food, and domestic wares. This was aimed at ensuring that the deceased lived a happy life when his or her soul returned to life in the underworld. In other words, the ancient Egyptians believed in life after death, thus the need to prepare for it. The deceased was buried with all necessities for life as a way of guaranteeing the him or her better beginning to the life after death.3 This explains why treasures have been repeatedly discovered in the ancient tombs in Egypt. The pyramids were also used as tombs, mainly for the royal families. Tombs were prepared early; they were not to be constructed upon an individual’s death as it is in the modern days. The after death life was perceived to be very important, thus the need

Effect of Reducing Agents on the Growth of Magnetospirilla

Effect of Reducing Agents on the Growth of Magnetospirilla Shubhashri Chakraborthy, Pauline Shekina, Upasana Dey and Suthindhiran Krish Abstract: Magnetotactic Bacteria are a fascinating group of microorganisms. Magnetospirilla is a microaerophilic bacterium. The effect of reducing agents varies with the cell depending on the properties of the reagent. They also produce different redox potentials which force a substrate to follow specific metabolic pathway in order to change the product or rate of the reaction. So it is essential to study the effect of reducing agents on the growth of Magnetospirilla. Two strains of this bacterium, MSR-1 and RJS-1 were selected for the study. Reducing agents like Ascorbic Acid, Cysteine and Glutathione were prepared in various concentrations and the bacteria were cultured. The ideal concentration of the reducing agents required for the growth of these two strains was identified. Glutathione at the concentration 0.250mg/ml is found to be ideal for the growth of MSR-1 and Cysteine at the concentration of 0.250mg/ml is found to be ideal for the growth of RJS-1 strain of Magnetospirilla Keywords: Magnetotactic bacteria; Ascorbic Acid; Cysteine; Glutathione; Reducing agents. Introduction: Magnetotactic bacteria (orMTB) are a  polyphyletic  group of  bacteria that orient along themagnetic field lines of Earth’s magnetic field with the help of organelles called magnetosomes. Magnetosomes are iron crystals of magnetite or greigite. The movement of microorganisms in response to the magnetic characteristics of the environment is known as  magnetotaxis. Many efforts have been made to optimize the growth conditions of MTB.[4] Magnetospirilla are facultative anaerobic magnetic bacterium. Reducing agents can have very different effects on the microbial cells depending on the properties of the reagent and of the properties of the cell itself. Reducing agents can produce different redox potentials which might be force a substrate to follow a specific metabolic pathway in order to change the rate or product of the reaction.[6] Previous studies showed that changing the redox environment had a strong impact in the applications of Magnetospirilla. Therefore we studied the effect of different reducing agents at different concentrations on the growth of Magnetospirilla. Materials and Methods: Culturing the bacteria Two strains of Magnetospirilla, MSR-1 (DSMZ, Germany) and RJS-1(Marine Biotechnology Lab, VIT University) were grown in liquid Magnetic Spirillum Growth Medium (MSGM).[1] A stock of 500ml of the MSGM media was prepared without reducing agents and Resazurin. 7ml of the media were transferred in small vials and it was purged with nitrogen gas for 3 minutes to provide microaerophilic condition. The vials were sealed with butyl rubber septa and aluminium centre holed caps. These vials were autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 minutes. Stock solution of the reducing agents Ascorbic Acid, Cysteine, Glutathione and Sodium Sulfide (10mg/10ml) were prepared and filter sterilized. Heat sensitive materials such as vitamins were also filter sterilized. 70ÃŽ ¼l of filtered vitamin solution and 14ÃŽ ¼l of filtered ferric quinate solution were taken in sterile eppendorf tubes. Different concentrations of reducing agents (0.125mg/ml, 0.250mg/ml, 0.375mg/ml and 0.500mg/ml) were also taken in the eppendorf t ubes containing the vitamin and ferric quinate solutions. Using sterile needles and syringes these solutions were transferred into the vials. These vials were incubated at 37 °C in a shaker. Checking the growth of the bacteria The growth of the bacteria were observed using spectrophotometer. Optical Density (OD) was taken at 595nm in 24, 26, 29, 38, 44 and 48 hours of incubation. The values are plotted in graph to find the maximum growth rate. Results and Discussion: A graph was plotted against time in hours and the OD values taken for different concentrations of reducing agents. Figure 1. Graph showing the growth of Magnetospirilla (MSR-1) at various concentrations of Ascorbic Acid. The growth of MSR-1 was maximum at the concentration 0.500mg/ml of Ascorbic acid. Figure 2. Graph showing the growth of Magnetospirilla (MSR-1) at various concentrations of Cysteine. The growth of MSR-1 was maximum at the concentrations 0.250mg/ml of Cysteine. Figure 3. Graph showing the growth of Magnetospirilla (MSR-1) at various concentrations of Glutathione. The growth of MSR-1 was maximum at the concentration 0.250mg/ml of Glutathione. Figure 4. Graph showing the growth of Magnetospirilla (MSR-1) at various concentrations of Sodium Sulfide. The growth of MSR-1 was maximum at the concentration 0.500mg/ml of Sodium Sulfide. Comparing all the OD values the growth of MSR-1 was maximum at the concentration 0.250mg/ml of Glutathione. Figure 5. Graph showing the growth of Magnetospirilla (RJS-1) at various concentrations of Ascorbic Acid. The growth of RJS-1 was maximum at the concentration 0.375mg/ml of Ascorbic Acid. Figure 6. Graph showing the growth of Magnetospirilla (RJS-1) at various concentrations of Cysteine. The growth of RJS-1 was maximum at the concentration 0.250mg/ml of Cysteine. Figure 7. Graph showing the growth of Magnetospirilla (RJS-1) at various concentrations of Glutathione. The growth of RJS-1 was maximum at the concentration 0.375mg/ml of Glutathione. Figure 8. Graph showing the growth of Magnetospirilla (RJS-1) at various concentrations of Sodium Sulfide. The growth of RJS-1 was maximum at the concentration 0.500mg/ml of Sodium Sulfide. Comparing all the OD values the growth of RJS-1 was maximum at the concentration 0.250mg/ml of Cysteine. Our studies showed that optimal concentration of reducing agents showed increased growth. When the concentration of reducing agents is increased further it inhibits the growth because of toxicity. Optimal concentration of reducing agents reduces the lag time and enhances the cell density. Conclusion: There are many other reducing agents which are used for growing various species of Magnetotactic bacteria. From the results we got it is suggested that Glutathione at the concentration 0.250mg/ml is ideal for the growth of MSR-1 and Cysteine at the concentration of 0.250mg/ml is ideal for the growth of RJS-1 strain of Magnetospirilla. References: [1] Blakemore R P, Maratea D and Wolfe R S, â€Å"Isolation and Pure Culture of a Freshwater Magnetic Spirillum in Chemically Defined Medium,† Journal of Bacteriology, 140(2), 720, 1979. [2] Cody Nash, â€Å"Mechanisms and Evolution of Magnetotactic Bacteria,† 2008. [3] Damien Faivre and Dirk Schuler, â€Å"Magnetotactic Bacteria and Magnetosomes,† Chem.Rev, 108, 4875–4898, 2008. [4] John F. Stolz, â€Å" Magnetosomes,† Journal of General Microbiology, 139, 1663-1670,1993. [5] Tadashi Matsunaga and Toshifumi Sakaguchi, â€Å" Molecular Mechanism of Magnet Formation in Bacteria,† Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 90, 1-13, 2000. [6] Xiangqian Li, Qilei Wang and Yemin Xue, â€Å" On the Change in Bacterial Growth and Magnetosome Formation for Magnetosprillum Sp. Strain AMB-1 Under Different Concentrations of Reducing Agents,† Jorunal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,13, 1392-1398, 2013. [7] Yoshihito Uchino and Suzuki Ken-Ichiro, â€Å"A Simple Preparation of Liquid Media for the Cultivation of Strict Anaerobes,† Journal of Petroleum and Environmental Biotechnology, S3-001, 2157-2160, 2011.

Hamlet is Inhuman :: Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet is Inhuman Hamlet is inhuman. He has seen through humanity. And this inhuman cynicism, however justifiable in this case, on the plane of causality and individual responsibility, is a deadly and venomous thing. Instinctively the creatures of earth-Laertes, Polonius, Ophelia, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, league themselves with Claudius: they are of his kind. They sever themselves from Hamlet. Laertes sternly warns Ophelia against her intimacy with Hamlet, so does Polonius. They are, in fact, all leagued against him, they are puzzled by him or fear him: he has no friend except Horatio, and Horatio, after the ghost scenes, becomes a queer shadowy character who rarely gets beyond "E'en so, my lord," "My lord-," and suchlike phrases. The other persons are firmly drawn, in the round, creatures of flesh and blood. But Hamlet is not of flesh and blood, he is a spirit of penetrating intellect and cynicism and misery, without faith in himself or anyone else, murdering his love of Ophelia, on the brink of insanity, taking delight in cruelty, torturing Claudius, wringing his mother's heart, a poison in the midst of the healthy bustle of the court. He is a superman among men. And he is a superman because he has walked and held converse with Death, and his consciousness works in terms of Death and the Negation of Cynicism. He has seen the truth, not alone of Denmark, but of humanity, of the universe: and the truth is evil. Thus Hamlet is an element of evil in the state of Denmark. The poison of his mental existence spreads outwards among things of flesh and blood, like acid eating into metal. They are helpless before his very inactivity and fall one after the other, like victims of an infectious disease. They are strong with the strength of health -but the demon of Hamlet's mind is a stronger thing than they. Futilely they try to get him out of their country; anything to get rid of him, he is not safe. But he goes with a cynical smile, and is no sooner gone tha n he is back again in their midst, meditating in graveyards, at home with Death. Not till it has slain all, is the demon that grips Hamlet satisfied.

Drugs Addiction

Al Akhawayn University Center for Academic Development Information Literacy Skills 1212 Fall 2010 The causes of drugs addiction Prepared by: ABDELAZIZ Under the supervision of: Dr. AHMED KABEL The causes of drugs addiction: AddictionNowadays, drugs addiction is considered as one of the most widespread phenomena in our modern societies. Everyone in this modern world has become aware of the dangerous consequences of being drug addicted, yet opium, cocaine, marijuana, cannabis, and many other kinds of drugs have been used for centuries and are still widely used today by a large proportion of people from different age, sex, and economic status. But, before looking at the factors that push people to take drugs, let us first define drug addiction.According to Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER), â€Å"Drug addiction is a dependence on a street drug or a medication. When you're addicted, you may not be able to control your drug use and you may continue using the drug despite the harm it causes. Drug addiction can cause an intense craving for the drug. You may want to quit, but most people find they can't do it on their own. † In fact, people often underestimate the complexity of drugs addiction and the fact that it has become a contemporary illness that is similar to other chronic diseases such as diabetes, asthma, or heart disease.Moreover, many people used to think that people addicted to drugs were just morally weak; hence, they believe that drug abusers are able to stop â€Å"this habit† if they are only willing to do so. However, recent scientific advances have allowed us to know much more about how exactly addictive drugs impact and change the brain, and how stopping drug abuse is very complex and not only a matter of willpower. But, the real problem is that many people still do not have a clear idea about the causes behind addiction.For most of them, according to Hamid Ghodse, â€Å"the cause or causes of drug dependence ar e not known, or more specifically, it is not known why do some people become addicted while others in the same situation do not† (10). The causes of drugs addiction are numerous and very attached with each other, but the most important factors that interact to lead to this phenomenon are: person’s biology, social environment, and age or stage of development.It is, obviously, very important to determine whether genetic factors play a significant role in the process of addiction or not at all. Actually, finding genes which predispose to drugs addiction may undoubtedly be very helpful since it will â€Å"aid in the identification of the biological processes involved in the addiction condition and ultimately allow the development of treatments to counteract the abnormal end-point of the processes† (Paul R. Buckland, 1769).Therefore, countless researches, studies, and genetic approaches have been ongoing for many years in order to find any association or linkage betwe en genetic factors and drugs addiction. As a matter of fact, many of these researches could come up with great results and very useful conclusions. For instance, Hamid Ghodse stated in his book â€Å"Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to treatment† that â€Å"the discovery within the body of endogenous receptor systems for a number of psychoactive substances has revived interest in a link between drug dependency and genetic predisposition† (19).In addition, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), â€Å"genes that people are born with, in combination with environmental influences, account for about half of their addiction vulnerability. † In the same context and quoting from experts, Abramovitz, Melissa wrote in her article titled â€Å"Addiction† that â€Å"genetic factors that affect how the brain responds to drugs play a big part in pushing people toward drug addiction, and researches have found several genes linked to nicotine, c ocaine, and alcohol addiction. Also, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER) reported that â€Å"once a person has started using a drug, the development into addiction may be influenced by inherited traits. † Therefore, most of researchers confirm the idea that genetic factors play a crucial rule in the process of addiction. However, Paul R. Buckland came up with so many important results, which are in fact a little bit different from the ones stated above, by reviewing and evaluating almost all the studies and evidence that claim the existence of genetic factors in the process of addiction.So, he found that â€Å"the phenotype for addiction to drugs is not well defined, and the heritability of addiction to drugs of abuse is far from clear and may be small compared to that of many other complex disorders† (1773). Moreover, he concluded saying that â€Å"many candidate genes put forward so far as susceptibility genes may be unrelated to the underlyin g process referred to as addiction but, rather, are related to the propensity to take drugs in the first place† (1769, 1770). But, that does not mean that there is no association between genetic factors and addiction process.In fact, Paul R. Buckland himself has confirmed that there are some genetic studies that have reported a great number of success and could ultimately find some linkage between genes and addiction, but he ended highlighting â€Å"the need for even larger samples and new statistical methods or new experimental approaches to identify fully the genes involved in the disease process† (1771, 1772). Of course, genetic factors are not the only cause behind drug addiction; no one can become addicted to drugs if s/he has never started using drugs.Accordingly, there may be other factors that affect the predisposition to drugs abuse. Actually, a person’s environment includes many different influences that seem to play a significant role in initial drug u se. At the first glance, it may spring to many people’s minds that local social problems such as poverty, ignorance, unemployment, break-up of local communities, drug pushers are the main causes of drugs addiction, but according to Hamid Ghodse â€Å"these often-repeated phrases may well be contributory factors,†¦but they are not the causes of drug dependence† (11).On the other hand, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER) both consider environmental factors, including one’s family’s beliefs and attitudes, exposure to a peer group that encourages drug use, the socioeconomic status and quality of life in general, as the most important influencers that shape addictive behaviour.In fact, Hamid Ghodse, also, illustrates these factors clearly by showing us how â€Å"peer networks can provide opportunities for drug use and support this behaviour† (16) and how â€Å"the importanc e of peer networks reflect the support or lack of support that the child is receiving at home and the importance of the parent-child relationship as a protective factor against the use of drugs† (16).Therefore, he gives us some situations in which family may play a significant role in the initiation of drug abuse: Factors such as family disruption, criminality and drug abuse of parents and siblings have all been identified as important predisposing factors for drug abuse later on, as have inadequate or ineffective parental supervision and enforcement of rules†¦while satisfactory family relationships and climate, and emotional support to adolescents are influences that appear to delay or diminish initiation into drug use, they can only be developed over a long period of time and attempts to make up for their absence by measures such as a sharp increase in parental control of the adolescent’s behaviour may lead to increased rather than diminished drug abuse (16). In addition to genetic and environmental factors, the age or the stage at which a person starts consuming drugs may have a considerable impact on the process of becoming drugs addicted. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), â€Å"Although taking drugs at any age can lead to addiction, the earlier that drug use begins, the more likely it is to progress to more serious abuse. For instance, one study concerning alcohol addiction which is almost the same as the case of drug addiction showed that â€Å"teens who begin drinking alcohol with their friends before age 15 are four times likelier to become alcoholic than are people who wait until age 21 to drink† (National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), quoted in Abramovitz, Melissa). In the same context, Hamid Ghodse said that â€Å"adolescent drug abuse is of particular importance not only because of the potential for drug-induced harm in a young person but also because taking drugs in childhood and adolescence is a strong predictor for drug abuse in adulthood† (17). Moreover, observations as such, he said, â€Å"have led to theories that suggest that using one drug leads on the consumption of more dangerous drugs with a higher dependence liability† (17).Besides, one other reason that we may discover when seeking causes that are related to the stage of initiating using drugs is prescriptions. According to Hamid Ghodse, most of drug-dependent individuals have personality disorders such as low self-esteem and confidence, high anxiety, low assertiveness, and tendency towards hypochondria, so they begin to take some sedatives and tranquillizers or even drugs as self-medication or as treatment prescribed by a doctor to overcome these problems (15, 17). The problem is that many people become addicted to these treatments by continuing using them as Jeffrey Kluger shows in his article The New Drug Crisis: Addiction by Prescription.According to Kluger many people become addicted to some p rescriptions such as Opioid, Oxycontin, Vicodin, and Hydrocodone while trying to find a treatment to some diseases like cancer pain. In conclusion, it is true that taking drugs for the first time may be a voluntary decision, but factors such us person’s biology, social environment, and age or stage of development undoubtedly play a considerable role in the process of addiction. Genetic factors that affect how the brain responds to drugs and environmental factors, including family’s beliefs and attitudes, peers’ ethics and behaviour, and socioeconomic status, in addition to the culture and the age or the stage at which a person starts using drugs all contribute in shaping addictive behaviour.The problem with drugs is that once a person starts consuming them, s/he may not be able to give up abusing them; hence, we should all be aware that drugs addiction is not just a normal habit that we can stop whenever we want, but rather a complex illness and a serious diseas e that makes the consumer lose self-control and ability to make right decisions. In fact, drugs addiction is a contemporary chronic disease that can cause harmful long-term consequences not only on the user but also on those around him, but as a matter of fact we can prevent ourselves from all these troubles by just avoiding initiating its causes. Works Cited Abramovitz, Melissa. â€Å"Addiction. † Current Health 2; Sep 1999: 26. Print. Buckland, Paul R. â€Å"Will We Ever Find the Genes for Addiction? Addiction, volume 103 number 11, November 2008, pp 1768-1776. Jeffrey, Kluger. â€Å"The New Drug Crisis: Addiction by Prescription†. Time September 13, 2010: p46-49. Print. Ghodse, Hamid. â€Å"Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment. † London: University of Cambridge Press. 2002. Print. Mayo Clinic staff. Drug Addiction, MayoClinic. com, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2009, web. November 2010. (http://www. mayoclinic. com/ healt h/ drug-addiction/DS00183). National Institute on Drug Abuse, Drug Abuse and Addiction, MedicineNet. com, MedicineNet. Inc, 2010, Web. 21 November 2010. (http://www. medicinenet. com/ drug_abuse/article. htm).

The Story of Ferdinand A Childrens Book Review

More than 75 years ago, Munro Leaf wrote The Story of Ferdinand and his friend Robert Lawson illustrated the story. Ferdinand is a bull, who grows up with other young bulls in the pastures of Spain, an unlikely character and setting for a children’s picture book. The story revolves and grows around Ferdinand’s unique, gentle nature compared to the other bulls who like to fight with each other. A little longer text than most picture books, the story can be enjoyed on different levels by children 3 years old and up, as well as older children and adults. More About the Story As time goes by Ferdinand becomes bigger and stronger like all the other bulls hes growing up within the countryside of Spain. But his nature does not change. While the other bulls continue to enjoy butting and sticking each other with their horns, Ferdinand is happiest when he can sit quietly under the cork tree and smell the flowers. Of course, Ferdinand’s mother is concerned that he does not run and play with the other bulls, but she is understanding and wants him to be happy. And happy he is until one day he sits on a bumblebee while five men are visiting to pick the best bull for the bullfights in Madrid. Ferdinand’s reaction to the bee sting is so strong and fierce that the men know they have found the right  bull. The day of the bullfight is incredible, with flying flags, bands playing, and lovely ladies with flowers in their hair. The parade into the bullring includes the Banderilleros, the Picadores, the Matador and then comes the bull. Children love discussing what Ferdinand will do. Enjoyed by a Wide Audience The story of Ferdinand is truly a timeless classic that has been enjoyed worldwide for several generations. Translated into 60 different languages, Ferdinand is a playful and funny story that will have appeal simply for its humor, or for its many messages. Readers will each discover their own piece of wisdom, such as: be true to yourself; the simple things in life give the most pleasure; take time to smell the flowers, and even advice for mothers raising a child with introvert tendencies. Although the black and white illustrations are different from most modern picture books, this is a feature that fits with this peaceful tale. The vocabulary is for an older reader but even three-year-olds can be amused and enjoy the comforting story. Most adults will likely be familiar with The Story of Ferdinand. If not, you won’t want to overlook this one. Illustrator Robert Lawson Robert Lawson received his art training at the New York School of Fine and Applied Arts. His favorite medium, pen, and ink are used expressively and with detail in the black and white illustrations in The Story of Ferdinand. He did not illustrate just to reach a young audience, as shown in the details of the flowers in the ladies’ hair, the clothes of the Banderilleros, and the expressions of the Picadores. Additional readings will bring about humorous discoveries, like the bandages on the bulls and the bunches of cork growing in Ferdinand’s favorite tree. In addition to illustrating many childrens books by others, including Mr. Poppers Penguins, Robert Lawson also wrote and illustrated a number of his own books for children. Lawson had the distinction of winning the two most prestigious awards for childrens literature. He won the 1940 Randolph Caldecott Medal for his picture book illustrations for They Were Strong and Good and the 1944 John Newbery Medal for his book Rabbit Hill, a novel for middle-grade readers. Author Munro Leaf and The Story of Ferdinand Munro Leaf, born in Hamilton, Maryland in 1905, graduated from the University of Maryland and received an MA in English literature from Harvard University. He wrote more than 40 books during his career, but the book that gained the most popularity was about gentle Ferdinand the bull. The Story of Ferdinand was penned on a rainy Sunday afternoon in just 40 minutes for his friend, Robert Lawson, who felt constricted by publishers’ ideas. Leaf wanted to give Lawson a story that he could have fun illustrating. There are those who considered The Story of Ferdinand to have a political agenda since it was published in September of 1936 during the Spanish Civil War. However, it was actually written in October of 1935 and Leaf and his family always denied any political intentions. According to Munro Leaf, it’s a happy-ending story about being yourself.†(Source: School Library Journal) Leaf’s second most popular book, Wee Gillis, was also illustrated by his friend Robert Lawson. Leaf, who died in 1976 at the age of 71, had intended to write a book about how Ferdinand had given him a good life. He was known to say, â€Å"I’m going to call it ‘A Little Bull Goes a Long Way’.†

The Epidemic Of Food Borne Illnesses - 984 Words

Epidemiologists, those who study the origins and causes of disease, have been monitoring the epidemic of food borne illnesses since 1864 (CDC.int). According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (heretofore refereed to as the CDC) approximately 1 in 6 Americans (roughly 48 million) contract food poisoning every year. Of the infected, on average food borne illness are responsible for 128,000 hospitalizations and 3,000 deaths per year as reported in the CDC s 2011 Emerging Infectious Diseases. The CDC has identified 250 diseases stemming from from viruses, parasites, and bacteria as well as chemical contamination which disseminates by natural and manufactured chemicals or by toxins produced by microorganisms. In the onslaught of food borne illnesses salmonelleosis and campylobacteriosis are the main culprits. Affecting over 1.2 million people and causing 380 deaths per year in the United States alone, salmonelleosis (commonly referred to as salmonella), is regarded as the most common food borne disease. Common symptoms commence from 12 hours to three days after ingestion; severe cases and those who are more prone to disease–children, the elderly, and those with HIV/AIDs–experience fevers, diarrhea and vomiting due to the intestinal damaged triggered by the infection. Salmonella invades the body and the resulting tissue damage releases chemicals into the blood stream that trigger swelling and inflammation. AvrA temporarily stops salmonella from breaking apartShow MoreRelatedA summary analysis of the article â€Å"Microarray detection of food-borne pathogens using specific probes prepared by comparative genomics.†1531 Words   |  7 Pagesfield of public health, food-borne illnesses are a major concern because it has been estimated that each year 76 million cases occur in the United States causing 5,000 deaths (Suo et al., 2010). In 2008, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s FoodNet surveillance program reported over 18 thousand cases of food-borne illnesses occurred in 10 states (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2008). According to estimates from the CDC (2011), the most common food-borne pathogens that maybeRead MoreIs The Best Method Of Dealing With Spreading Of Disease?1914 Words   |  8 Pagesbeen lurking in my mind regarding these topics. 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With already high water prices, families are almost forced to give up something else, whether it be schooling or food. Water should not be a give or take object, it should be a right for all people to have. Many people believe the government should not have a hand in water prices. Subramanian in his article about Neoliberalism says, â€Å"Whereas it was once believed thatRead MoreEssay On Environmental Hazards958 Words   |  4 Pagessurgeon, was important to the history of environmental epidemiology because he is thought to be the first person to define the environmental cause of cancer. (pg. 31) ïÆ'Ëœ During the mid-1800s, English anesthesiologist John Snow connected a cholera epidemic in London to polluted water from the Thames River. His approach to investigating the cholera eruption of 1849 was known as a natural experiment, the approach used presently in the study of environmental health problems. (pg. 31) Which environmentalRead MoreGlobal Warming Is The New Epidemic1261 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming is the new epidemic that is facing the United States as well as the entire world. Global Warming is the gradual increase of temperatures around the globe. The gradual rise of the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and also the oceans is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate. There is a debate among an abundance of people that and sometimes in the news, on whether global warming is real or not. However, scientists and climate experts all agree that the

Bad Cell Phones - 1058 Words

Yony Ramirez Deckard Hodge English 450 April 26, 2011 Bad Cell Phones In today’s society everywhere we look people of all ages and genders are parading with their cell phones. Whether we are driving, or walking down the aisle in the grocery store, and even in class, cell phones have become a part of our everyday lives. Although most students like to text in class, it shouldn’t be allowed because cell phones might tempt students to cheat, and just be a major distraction for everyone. While paying attention is not a requirement of attending class, it seems immature to pay a lot of money to sit in class and text your friends. Also, if you don’t want or need to pay attention, others in the class may usually want to and you are†¦show more content†¦There, the student can either be authorized to use the phone to call home or use the office phone to speak with his or her parent. There is no valid reason for students to be using cell phones in class. If a student is using a cell phone in class, they are either distracting others, ignoring the lessons, cheating, or simply side tracked. It’s also very disrespectful to the teacher, who most likely doesn’t get paid enough, to teach things that we need to know for later in life, even though it may seem like we need to know as much as they try to cram in our heads. Cell phones are bad to use in class because even if you have it on vibrate or silent you can still distract people by laughing at the text messages you get or by asking someone a question if you don’t know how to spell something. You can also distract the teacher by doing this because the teacher might tell you to put it away and having to do that repeatedly causes the teacher to stop teaching just to tell you to stop using the phone and that’s valuable time when you can be learning something. 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Health Informatics Computerized Physician Order

Question: Describe about the Health Informatics for Computerized Physician Order. Answer: Background The report is on critically reviewing literatures on computerized physician order entry to determine the effectiveness of the technology for health care system and issues faced in implementation of the technology in health care field. In order to carry out the literature review, research articles were searched from google scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and NCBI databases. The key search term for identifying relevant literature included computerized physician order entry (CPOE), issues in implementation of CPOE, factors affecting the adoption of CPOE, transition from traditional method to CPOE system and prevention of medical errors through CPOE. The inclusion criteria for the literature review was to include current article published within 10 years and all those which gives an idea of development in health care setting. The research article which provided development in other field of practice except the medical field was excluded from the research. It helped in refining the search process and getting that literature article which gives a scope for current development and identifying gaps in study related to CPOE. There has been a boom in the evolution of Information Technology in the last few decades and Internet has been an integral part of the evolution. The development of telegraph, radio, telephone and computers have paved the way for the evolution of internet. The role of internet in daily life has become indispensible almost for all individuals worldwide, in our professional, educational as well as personal lives. Internet is a global network that connects million of computers and electronic devices and where information can be posted and shared with anybody. The influence of internet has spread to every domain of science and markedly increased the productivity and efficacy of the same (Gssling Lane, 2015). Medical science has utilized the resources of internet in various ways. Huge amount of data is collected on a regular basis from several fields of medical science, which is not possible to store and analyze without the aid of computers and internet (Polepalli et al., 2016). The application of internet in this field is diverse and of immense significance. It has been applied in areas like patient care, medical and health literacy and medical research. Electronic mail, WWW, and file storage and transfer capabilities can be of immense use in providing efficient healthcare. Emails are the most cheap and useful way to communicate between doctors and patients as well as between doctors from different domains. The internet all provides a wide array of data sources ranging from scientific journal, peer-reviewed articles, medical databases, educational sites, so on and so forth. Internet being the most efficient media can provide emergency medical expertise in life and death situations. The s cenario of primary healthcare practice has undergone a surge due to changes in healthcare delivery and the explosion of health information (Ek et al., 2013). Health Information System (HIS) is the building blocks of efficient health systems. The aim of Health Information System is to have transparency in information accessibility for enhanced accountability. Low and middle-income countries mostly lag behind in this department. Health Information System aid in decision making in the field of healthcare. Data generation, compilation, analysis, synthesis, communication and use are the key aspects of Health Information System. It collects information from health and other relevant sectors and applies it to provide quality healthcare (Abdelhak et al., 2014).In addition to monitoring and evaluation, it has broader aspects such as providing support to patients and health facility management, providing alert and early warnings. Information is required from different sectors including different confounding factors that affect health outcomes like socio economic, environmental behavior and genetic factors, the health outcomes and health inequalitie s in the different sections of the society. Overall, a Health Information System provides information for policymakers and decision makers and gives appropriate frameworks for policy development and implementation (Kellermann Jones, 2013). Information is often obtained from various government sectors and agencies at country, regional and global level. Health surveys, birth and death registration, census, health facility reporting, health system resource tracking and capacity for analysis, synthesis and validation of health data are primary indicators for efficient health information system performance (Watson et al., 2014). The evolution of the information technology has led to digital innovation and has played a role in revolutionizing the health care. The technology used in medical filed have turned out be very efficient in transforming the manner of delivery of care. Medical field now works by utilization of range of health technology to change the landscape of care. Medical technology is now widely utilized to improve the hospital experience, facilitate surgery simulation, streamline lab testing and create referrals through the use of cloud based data and software (How Technology is Improving Medical Care, 2016).For example medical technology has been used to update hospital experience and keep with pace demands of patients. Technological innovation ranged from improving the room design of the hospital and eliminates redundant clutter that acts as barrier in modern approach to health care facilities. Information technology has also been useful in improving referrals process and reaching out to milli ons of health care providers and patients digitally. It also aids in eliminating the gap in health delivery caused due to delay in treatment process or being able to reach patient on time (Street et al., (2013). Software innovations like computerized physician order entry (CPOE) has also provided solution to medication order errors and store and analyze data in a digital format (Nuckols et al., 2014). Computerized physician order entry (Overview) Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) is the process of electronically entering clinical instruction to reduce medication errors in the health care system. The CPOE system was designed to minimize the work burden due to paper chart. This is the best example of digital transformation in health care system where clinicians got the option to transfer all health information to patients digitally. The rise in usage of CPOE became evident after the introduction of federal HITECH Act and the Meaningful Use program which helped in rapid usage of CPOE in health care setting. CPOE system came up originally to improve errors in medication orders and facilitate safety in health care delivery. Medication error can be expensive and risk patients life. A research investigated the reduction in medication errors through CPOE system. A national representative data of American Hospital was estimated for percentage reduction in medication error through CPOE. The results showed that processing of med ication through CPOE system decreases clinical error by 48% and this can reduce significant medical cost associated with errors. Current policies related to increase in CPOE adoption system can be effective in preventing medication errors every year (Radley et al., 2013). However, with advancement in health informatics, modern system of CPOE has involved. In order to reduce vulnerabilities in the system, it is necessary that clinicians select the appropriate dose and frequency of medication, efficiently transcribe the prescription, proper dispensing of medication after consideration of drug-drug interaction and administration of the medicine at the right time. The integration of CPOE system with clinical decision support system is an effective approach to reduce errors. The adoption of CPOE in the health market has evolved after the introduction of computerized decision support system for prescribing medicines. In case of England, the uptake of CPOE has been very slow due to conflict in localized adapter practice and generic system and due to unrealistic adopter demands. Immaturity in the market has been regarded as the major reason for slow uptake of CPOE. This comes from the fact that policy makers have incomplete insight about the technology and ne gative adopters reaction to the technology (Mozaffar et al., 2015). Hence lack of insight for effective implementation process might be the reason for slow growth. However, the use of technology can be enhanced by new federal policy initiatives. Literature review CPOE system has been found to be effective in improving efficiency in workflow and reducing medical errors. The research study by Schneider et al., (2013) is an evidence of the advantage of CPOE in health care system. The purpose of the study was to eliminate the problem of delay in magnetic resonance examination through the use of electronic magnetic resonance (MR) safety screening process in CPOE system. The MR examination reports and orders of all patients within the period of 4 months were assessed after the implementation of MR safety system. The data was assessed regarding the time from first order to final report, time required for completion of MR examination and length of stay in the hospital. The results showed that electronic safety screening process resulted in a decrease in the time between first MR order till the completion of MR examination. A significant reduction in time for MR report was seen in CPOE system compared to paper processing. Hence, this literature review was significant in enabling early diagnosis, starting treatment process effectively and then reducing the length of stay in the hospital. The CPOE system can be useful in improving adherence to clinical guidelines and improving the delivery in health care system. This finding is supported by review of article which investigated whether the automated alerts within the CPOE system can improve practice guidelines for ordering Pap test or not. It proposed that electronic health record can be useful in enhancing test utilization in health care system. The study was also significant due to limited research on automatic alert system on Pap ordering according to screening guidelines (Howell et al., 2014). According to American Cancer Society guidelines for prevention and early detection of cervical cancer, it is also essential to begin screening test at the age of 21 (The American Cancer Society guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer, 2016).The alert system prevented Pap orders in women less than 21 years as presented in guidelines and greater than 71 years and the limitation of each Pap order was recorded. Results were compared during periods of pre-alert, post-alert, errors in alert system (glitch period) and the post-glitch period. The research findings showed that alert system was effective in reducing the Pap test frequency in the post alert period. The result is reflective of the practical guidelines in Pap test as it included patients with history of abnormal Pap test and to discontinue testing for patients with normal Pap results in the past (Howell et al., 2014). Hence, from this literature review one can get an idea that alert system in health informatics can help to improve compliance to organizational guidelines and enable effective utilization of lab test. Computerized physician order entry can help in improving screening process for diseases. Development in health informatics and introduction of CPOE is acting as a revolution in the ordering process of health data and eliminating misuse of health care service. There are several research which shows the benefit of CPOE in decreasing cost in health care service, shortening the length of stay in hospital, reducing medical errors and improving adherence with clinical guidelines. However, as it is a relatively new technology, there is no best approach to its implementation and organization leaders must play a role in meeting challenges in the system and efficiently implementing it in health care setting to improve the quality of care (Computer physician order entry: benefits, costs, and issues. - PubMed NCBI, 2016). The research study by Cabezas et al., (2016) explained that screening of hepatitis B virus is essential before initiation of cytotoxic chemotherapy for treating patients with malignant disease. This screening process is essential to decide the type of intervention for patients who are hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and patients who are HBsAg negative. It helps in deciding the treatment required before or after the chemotherapy treatment. The research indicated that CPOE system can be applied to improve the rate of screening process and hence CPOE system along with efforts on proper management of the system can help in improving the screening rate for Hepatitis B virus screening (Cabezas et al., 2016). Despite advantage in the utilization of CPOE system in health care setting, there are many issues that health staff experience due to change in processing of health care information. This fact became clear with the review of a literature on the attitude of clinical physicians towards the use of automatic alert in CPOE system. The study based on quantitative and qualitative survey was done with physician in 11 hospitals in 9 different countries. Among the hospitals, some of them were using the CPOE system while in some CPOE system was not implemented. Although majority of physicians supported the fact that CPOE system has enhanced alert system to improve medication safety, however it is necessary to introduce such system according to clinical context to avoid chaotic situation due to adopting new technology (Jung et al., 2013). The literature was useful in bringing the issue of alert overload and this helped in identifying the need to provide more information to staff to maintain this technology for smooth running of the system. Hence, a sophisticated strategy will minimize disruptions in health care practice and also lead to proper adoption of the system among clinicians. CPOE has been regarded as an important element in modernization of medical field and facilitating quality improvement in health care setting. However, the initial phase of adoption is difficult due to presence of many internal and external factors within health care organization. Certain local factors might facilitate uptake of CPOE or it might also stall the rollout of CPOE in hospitals (Khanna Yen, 2014). This is evident from one study which showed that CPOE lead to errors due to duplication of medical dose and poor design of the leading to error in displaying dose options of medications. There were also reports that implementation of CPOE lead to significant increase in mortality rate after the implementation of CPOE compared to the period before CPOE implementation (Han et al., 2005). Hence, the technology has been found to impede the clinical workflow when the system fails to recognize important clinical information. With this issues faced in adoption of the system, it is neces sary that this technology should be examined by ethnographer to understand the efficacy of complex processing system. To identify the factors that influence adoption of CPOE system, a recent review article is effective in giving information about the reasons for medication error related to CPOE system. To monitor the medication errors, the medication reports of patients were assessed to find the errors occurring in the prescribing period or due to CPOE. The results showed that more than 50% of errors were related to CPOE. The problem arose mainly due to delay in making medicines available to patients or due to patients receiving duplicate or higher dose of drugs. Inefficiency and error was also seen in categorization and formatting of reports which lead to wrong transmission of information, dosing error and duplicate orders (Amato et al., 2016). Hence, this literature provided insight into the reasons leading to error after CPOE and safety can be maintained only by using taxonomy which all health care staffs can understand. This will help in meeting the objective of introducing CPOE and lead to spee dy treatment process. The specialty of physician might also be a factor affecting the adoption of CPOE. This aspect of adoption of new technology in health care setting was investigated by cross-sectional study and the researchers regarded the fully functional CPOE as an indicator of successful adoption of the technology in health care setting. All the predictive factors related to impact of geographical location, characteristics of physician and the degree of physician was analyzed by logistic regression analyses. The results showed that specialty of physician influenced the adoption process. Primary care physician were found to highly use the technology compared to surgical specialties physician. However, it was found that the adoption did not dependent on geographical location or health care ownership. This literature review article was successful in identifying major predictors of adopting CPOE which were specialty of clinicians, status of practice and the level of consultation by internet (Malhani et al., 2016). User satisfaction is also the most critical factor in implementation of health care informatics. There are many reports which showed that CPOE system failed or were successful in hospitals due to resistance or acceptability by the users respectively. Failure in efficiently adopting the system might occur when patients needs are not considered during introducing the technology or when patients do not receive timely intervention due to disruption in work flow due to the technology. To determine the satisfactions level of patients due changes in health information processing over time, a cross sectional survey was done to know about the advantages and disadvantage of CPOE. It was found that end-users were moderately satisfied with the technology; however difference in opinion were seen according to user groups. For example in case of providers, the perception about CPOE remained positive from the beginning, but for nurses, the satisfaction level gradually increased when they got well-ac quainted with the technology (Hoonakker et al., 2013). Review of another research article was useful in providing insight into the factors that affect the adoption of CPOE in hospitals. Although CPOE has been introduced to maintain quality and safety of health care service; however the health care setting can face many issues in adopting to a new technology. These issues may range from resistance to the new system among health staffs to the issues related to cost involved in efficiently running such technology. The research article gave an idea about the lessons that health care organizations have learnt while implementing CPOE in their hospitals. The experiences and attitude of physicians and administrators at hospitals in USA revealed that successful implementation process of CPOE depended on clinical governance, preparation for change and support and perception of key health care team. In hospitals where the CPOE process was successful, it was because of effective organization decision making and engaging clinicians to clear any doubt s about the process. Preparation and advance planning was also essential and this helped in adopting to the system because health staffs were given necessary training to use the technology and computer application without any error. Support from highly trained person who has good grasp with the CPOE system also helped in providing instant support to staffs in case of any query. In hospitals who failed to adopt the system, it was mainly because of negative perception about new technology (Simon et al., 2013). Many were afraid of the change and felt that it will hamper their workflow. However, strong clinical leader can intervene to develop positive attitude towards the new technology. Hence, this literature review helped in identifying the critical role of health care leaders in addressing issues related to adoption of CPOE and facilitating smooth transition of health informatics. Majority of resistance in adopting CPOE is due to speculations that it might lead to decrease in utilization of hospital resource. As there were very little evidence regarding the lower resource utilization due to CPOE, this factor was investigated by (Teufel et al., 2012) who tried to analyze the relationship between CPOE use and other the resource utilization in children health care unit. A cross-sectional design helped in getting answer to the research question. The results showed that although CPOE implementation is expensive process, however compared to hospitals without this system, hospitals with CPOE did not lead to lower cost per case. Hence, very few financial benefits for hospital were found according to this literature study. It is necessary to emphasize on strategies that promote adoption of CPOE and also lead to financial benefits. The research is useful for early adopters of the system to estimate cost savings in the process. There might be unintended socio-technical consequences of CPOE. To investigate the impact of this factor on outpatient setting, ethnographic and interview data were collected from an interdisciplinary team in four hospitals. The consequences were distinguished according to the Diffusion of Innovations theory and it showed that desirable and undesirable consequences may occur due to CPOE system. While the undesirable consequences were related to improvement in patient safety and fast diagnosis, the undesirable consequences included problem in workflow and interpersonal relationship among health care team. Many hazardous situations also arose due to error in alert system leading to misinterpretation of patients critical health information. Anticipated benefits of the system were elimination of illegible order, fewer medical errors. Howevr it also lead to undesirable impact such as physicians leaving the organization or longer time for completing the order due to lack of training. Other unanticipated benefits included better collaboration of activities due to alert system and creating safety net by giving alert system the trigger to identify wrong drug and give correct order. Unanticipated issues related to the system were also found such as too many alerts leading to missing good alerts and lower satisfaction level in physician due to coding errors. The key leanings from this literature review is that people involved in CPOE implementation should understand the unintended consequence properly in order to foresee problem before hand and be prepared to counter those situations (Ash et al., 2007). Social issues might also be reason for failure in the implementation of CPOE. This element of resistance in adoption of CPOE was explained by a research study investigating the social issues surrounding CPOE implementation process. The main objective was to analyze the interrelated effects of the factors in medical setting and to recommended ideal steps to manage the issues during the implementation process. A semi-structures interview was conducted with the people involved in CPOE implementation process and grounded theory approach was used to evaluate specific problems and analyze the situation. The findings that emerged from the study was that social and technical issues negatively hampered workflow and this was the reason for withdrawal of end-users from the system. Hence, a cumulative effect of both social and organizational issues can lead to failure in introducing the CPOE system in health care setting. This literature is useful lesson for people engaged in such project and it will help them to understand the aspects of workflow before initiating such ventures in health care setting (Peute et al., 2010). User satisfaction is also an indicator of the acceptability of health technology and realizing its benefits in promoting good health. High user satisfaction with CPOE can be achieved when users can easily access health information, immediately act according to those information and alerts were given regarding any potential error (Murray-Weir et al., 2014). A review article gave greater insights into factors that influence user satisfaction by use of a model to investigate about level of acceptance and actual use of electronic patient record in acute care setting. A randomized stratified sampling approach was taken to recruit nurses and explain them the actual use of technology. 33.6% variation were found in actual use and greater effects were seen between expectancy and actual use, presence of facilitating factors and effort put in it and the level of compatibility with the service. The literature was useful in providing a mediation relationship between effort expectancy and performa nce expectancy (Maillet et al., 2015). The current advances in eHealth technology have given immense functional benefits in data storage, management and retrieval, and supports decision making process. Electronic patient record or electronic transfer of prescription is the eHealth technology useful in health data storage while CPOE and CDSS give decision making support. CDSS linked with CPOE provides guidance with diagnosis, giving recommendations for treatment and including alert system to enable safe prescribing method (Cooper et al., 2015). Health care staffs and key stakeholders working in leading clinical sites need to perform a range of activities to provide support in clinical decision making. Literature review of one article provided insight into the activities that people engage in during implementation of clinical decision support system (CDS). This ethnographic research revealed that major activities were in the area of fostering relationship with activities like training, assembling the system with technical s upport and content development, utilizing the system appropriately to meet organization goal and participating in policy activities for smooth flow of the system (Wright et al., 2014). Benefits of health information technology are also interrelated with the role of organization and other informational complementary. Majority of the research articles are of the opinion that adoption of new health technology will dramatically change the scenarios in hospital setting and lead to drastic improvement in patient care. The research study McCullough et al., (2013) analyzed the impact of IT adoption on patient outcomes and identify the hidden mechanism through which this technology facilitates input of labour. The investigation into the matter showed that although IT adoption lead to significant improvement in mortality rate, however the impact was not significant for median patients. Thus results gave the implication that benefits of the technology can be seen in large health care organization which have mix of critically and moderately ill patients. Secondly, successful integration of the system in hospital setting is also possible after proper coordination and health inf ormation management. Therefore direct benefits are seen in those patients who required cross specialty diagnosis involving complex management of health data. User interface design of CPOE has an impact on the accessing important clinical information during diagnostic and treatment process. A review article on similar topic supports this view and the researcher analyzed whether user interface design of CPOE can affect the access rate to patients record when linking infrequently accessed data through user interface. The Vanderbilt University Hospital augmented clinical support advice with other education support features. A randomized controlled trial analyzed the utilization rate of the interfaces among clinicians. The control groups were able to access decision support from a menu in CPOE interface and the intervention group received active notification through sensitive hyperlinks with decision support data. The results showed that access rate for decision support data was higher in intervention group compared to control group. Therefore this literature review was a useful evidence to prove that availability of context sensitive data can increase the utilization rate of user-interface (Rosenbloom et al., 2005) Many health care professionals have resisted use of this technology because of lack of computer experience and this even makes them leave the health clinic. There is also a speculation regarding whether clinical role or position has impact on the adoption of CPOE in hospitals. A mixed method study in Canada evaluated the barriers to adoption on electronic medical record in physician practice. After reviewing so many articles on use of CPOE system, it is clear that CPOE has been implemented to solve the problem associated with paper system, improve the quality of health decision making and improving cost return in practice by reducing the cost involved in health data management. Despite so many benefits, it is still not clear why many countries have not yet decided to adopt this system in the clinic. This was the motivation behind the investigation the reasons for withdrawal from CPOE. A mixed method study was done with highly qualified physicians with good IT knowledge and with famil y physician who practice without EMR system. The results revealed that initial decision in investing on the system becomes difficult due to behavioral, technical, economic and knowledge based factors. Knowledge barrier was one of the vital reasons for not investing in the system. However, in some no barriers were seen but stills they had not invested in electronic medical record (Par et al., 2014). Hence, from this literature review, the recommendation is that the government and policies should take relevant action to mitigate the barriers and provide support to medical practices. Another important development in health informatics was seen from a literature review which brought to the forefront the integration of CPOE with cloud-based BP to improve self-management in hypertensive patients. This discovery became important when it was found that majority of hypertensive patient cannot maintain normal blood pressure level and hence cannot self-manage the disease. Therefore the researcher tried to speculate whether the integration of cloud based BP system with CPOE will lead to improvements in BP management compared to traditional care methods or not. A randomized controlled study was done with participants diagnosed with hypertension. The physicians had access to cloud based BP data of all participants. The results demonstrated that the intervention group had better control over BP compared to control BP over a period of six months. Hence, the benefits of CPOE in the self-management of illness also became evident from the literature review. There is also minimum chance of resistance from users as it does not require any technical skills and it will lead to positive attitude in patient and better adherence to medication (Lee et al., 2016). Summary The above report on literature review of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) started with the introduction on the development of the internet and how it has revolutionized the whole world. It direct benefits on the medical world was also seen with range of health information technologies like electronic health record, CPOE, CDSS and many other innovative technology. It gave an idea about the developments in HIS to support health care system and improve the quality of health care delivery. As the literature review mainly focused on CPOE, an short overview of the topic was given by explaining about the need for such system and how its use actually started. It brought to the forefront the drawbacks of the traditional paper system on medication orders and how the complex management of paper data led to medical errors. Hence, literature review into the topic helped in getting idea about the immense benefits of the system and its use has gradually widened in all aspects of medical fi eld. Different research on the developments in CPOE system revealed range of information about the system such as its efficacy in reducing medical error, facilitating work flow on care implementation of the system, improving the screening process for disease, adhering to clinical guideline and many other issues. 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